LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class I: Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs (Ch. 16) Dr. Esa Autero

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 1.1 Introduction Qal impf. weak verbs – exhibit significant variation Preformatives and sufformatives always same Important to memorize strong verb paradigm In weak verbs important to memorize four paradigms II-guttural III- ח/ע III- א III- ה Other may be deduced based on general patterns *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2.1 II-Guttural and III-ח/ע verbs Pathach stem vowel gutturals prefer a-type vowels Note the hateph pathach II-Guttural* III-ח/ע Strong 3ms יִבְחַר יִשְׁלַח יִקְטֹל 3fs תִּבְחַר תִּשְׁלַח תִּקְטֹל 2ms תִּקְטֹל 2fs תִּבְחֲרִי תִּשְׁלְחִי תִּקְטְלִי 1cs אֱבְחַר אֶשְׁלַח אֶקְטֹל 3mp יִבְחֲרוּ יִשְׁלְחוּ יִקְטְלוּ 3fp תִּבְחֲ֫רְנָה תִּשְׁלַ֫חְנָה תִּקְטֹלנָה 2mp תִּבְחֲרוּ תִּשְׁלְחוּ תִּקְטְלוּ 2fp תִּבְחֲרְנָה 1cp נִבְחַר נִשְׁלַח נִקְטֹל *bachar = to choose

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2.2 III-א Verbs א is quiescent in most forms Stem vowel Qamets – when no no sufformative present Unexpected Seghol in 3fp, 2fp III-א Strong 3ms יִמְצָא יִקְטֹל 3fs תִּמְצָא תִּקְטֹל 2ms תִּקְטֹל 2fs תִּמְצְאִי תִּקְטְלִי 1cs אֶמְצָא אֶקְטֹל 3mp יִמְצְאוּ יִקְטְלוּ 3fp תִּמְצֶ֫אנָה תִּקְטֹלנָה 2mp תִּמְצְאוּ תִּקְטְלוּ 2fp 1cp נִמְצָא נִקְטֹל *

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2.3 III- ה Verbs Forms w/o sufformative have an ֶה ending Not the original consonant but a vowel letter (mater lectionis)  Helps recognize the form Forms w/ sufformative are w/o ֶה ending In 3fp & 2fp, Seghol Yod as stem vowel Sometimes* 3ms w/o final ה III-א Strong 3ms יִבְנֶה יִקְטֹל 3fs תִּבְנֶה תִּקְטֹל 2ms תִּקְטֹל 2fs תִּבְנִי תִּקְטְלִי 1cs אֶבְנֶה אֶקְטֹל 3mp יִבְנוּ יִקְטְלוּ 3fp תִּבְנֶינָה תִּקְטֹלנָה 2mp תִּבְנוּ תִּקְטְלוּ 2fp 1cp נִבְנֶה נִקְטֹל *See chs. 17-18 for this case

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs I-Guttural [Type 1] I-Guttural [Type 2] Strong 3ms יֶחֱזַק יַעֲמֹד יִקְטֹל 3fs תֶּחֱזַק תַּעֲמֹד תִּקְטֹל 2ms תִּקְטֹל 2fs תֶּחֱזְקִי תַּעֲמְדִי תִּקְטְלִי 1cs אֶחֱזַק אֶעֱמֹד אֶקְטֹל 3mp יֶחֶזְקוּ יַעַמְדוּ יִקְטְלוּ 3fp תֶּחֱזַ֫קְנָה תַּעֲמֹ֫דְנָה תִּקְטֹלנָה 2mp תֶּחֶזְקוּ תַּעַמְדוּ תִּקְטְלוּ 2fp 1cp נֶחֱזַק נַעֲמֹד נִקְטֹל 2.4 I-Guttural Verbs Type 1:Pathach stem vowel Seghol preformative & hateph Seghol Closed Seghol (2fs, 3mp & 2mp) Type 2: Holem stem w/ Pathach preformt. and Hateph Pathach under 1st guttural 1cs is the exception *chazaq = to be(come) strong

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs I- א[Type 1*] I- א[Type 2] Strong 3ms יֶאֱסֹר יֹאמַר יִקְטֹל 3fs תֶּאֱסֹר תֹּאמַר תִּקְטֹל 2ms תִּקְטֹל 2fs תַּאַסְרִי תֹּאמְרִי תִּקְטְלִי 1cs אֶאֱסֹר אֹמַר אֶקְטֹל 3mp יַאַסְרוּ יֹאמְרוּ יִקְטְלוּ 3fp תֶּאֱסֹ֫רְנָה תֹּאמַרְנָה תִּקְטֹלנָה 2mp תַּאַסְרוּ תֹּאמְרוּ תִּקְטְלוּ 2fp 1cp נֶַאֱסֹר נֹאמַר נִקְטֹל 2.5 I-א Verbs Type 1: inflect like I-Guttural verbs Shift to a-type vowels (2fs, 3mp, 2mp) Type 2: quiescent א Unusual 1cs *asar = to bind

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Type 1* Type 1 [alternate] Type 2 3ms יָסֹב יִסֹּב יֵתַם 3fs תָּסֹב תִּסֹּב תֵּתַם 2ms 2fs תָּסֹ֫בִּי תִּסֹּ֫בִּי תֵּתַ֫מִּי 1cs אָסֹב אֶסֹּב אֶתַם 3mp יָסֹבּוּ יִסֹּבּוּ יֵתַ֫מּוּ 3fp תְּסֻבֶּ֫ינָה תְּתַמֶּי֫נָה 2mp תָּסֹבּוּ תִּסֹּ֫בּוּ תֵּתַ֫מּוּ 2fp 1cp נָסֹב נִסֹּב נֵתַם 2.6 Geminate Verbs Type 1: mostly holem stem vowel but also alternate form – Qamets or hireq on preformative Type 2: Pathach stem, tsere preformative Only one geminate consonant remains – Daghesh Forte on geminate consonant in 2fs, 3mp, 3fp, 2fp *sabab = surround, turn/go around; tamam = be(come) complete, come to an end, be consumed, cease, be spent/burned out

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2.7 Biconsonantal Verbs Composed of two, rather than three root consonants קָם - he rose up Often classified as II- ו/י verbs Listed in inf.cstr. in lexicons and vocabulary Class Qal pf. 3ms Qal impf. 3ms Lexical form Shureq קָם He arose יָקוּם He’ll arise קוּם To arise Hireq yod שָׂם He placed יָשִׂים He’ll place שִׂים To place Holem waw בָּא He entered יָבוֹא He’ll enter בּוֹא To enter

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs וּClass ִיClass וֹClass 3ms יָקוּם יָשִׂים יָבוֹא 3fs תָּקוּם תָּשִׂים תָּבוֹא 2ms 2fs תָּק֫וּמִי תָּשִׂ֫ימִי תָּב֫וֹאִי 1cs אָקוּם אָשִׂים אָבוֹא 3mp יָק֫וּמוּ יָשִׂימוּ יָבוֹאוּ 3fp תְּקוּמֶינָה תְּשִׂימֶ֫נָה תָּב֫וֹאנָה 2mp תָּק֫וּמוּ תָּשִׂימוּ תָּבוֹאוּ 2fp 1cp נָקוּם נָשִׂים נָבוֹא Qamets is the preformative vowel in all except 3fp, 2fp Stem vowel same as its sub-class Alternate forms & mixing – stem vowel sometimes written defectively יָשׂוּם – יָשִׂים יָקֻם – יָקוּם

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Type 1* הָלַךְ Type 2 3ms יֵשֵׁב יֵלֵךְ יִירַשׁ 3fs תֵּשֵׁב תֵּלֵךְ תִּירַשׁ 2ms 2fs תֵּשְׁבִי תֵּלְכִי 1cs אֵשֵׁב אֵלֵךְ אִירַשׁ 3mp יֵשְׁבוּ יֵלְכוּ יִירְשׁוּ 3fp תֵּשַׁ֫בְנָה תֵּלַ֫כְנָה תִּירַ֫שְׁנָה 2mp תֵּשְׁבוּ תֵּלְכוּ תִּירְשׁוּ 2fp 1cp נֵשֵׁב נֵלֵךְ נִירַשׁ 2.8 I-י Verbs Type 1: initial consonant dropped; preformative tsere; also generally stem vowel Type 2: initial yod becomes vowel letter הָלַךְ inflects like Type 1verbs *yashab = sit, dwell; yarash = inherit, take possession of

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2.9 I- נVerbs Two types of I-נ verbs Type 1 – holem stem vowel ( יִפֹּל ) Type 2 – Pathach stem vowel ( יִסַּע) Doubly weak paradigm (I-נ and II-Guttural) Recognition, not memorization, is the key

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Type 1* Type 2 לָקַח Doubly weak 3ms יִפֹּל יִסַּע יִקַּח יִנְחַל 3fs תִּפֹּל תִּסַּע תִּקַּח תִּנְחַל 2ms 2fs תִּפְּלִי תִּסְּעִי תִּקְחִי תִּנְחֲלִי 1cs אֶפֹּל אֶסַּע אֶקַּח אֶנְחַל 3mp יִפְּלוּ יִסְעוּ יִקְחוּ יִנְחֲלוּ 3fp תִּפֹּ֫לְנָה תִּסַּ֫עְנָה תִּקַּ֫חְנָה תִּנְחַ֫לְנָה 2mp תִּפְּלוּ תִּסְעוּ תִּקְחוּ תִּנְחֲלוּ 2fp 1cp נִפֹּל נִסַּע נִקַּח נִנְחַל *naphal = to fall; nasa = to depart; nachal = obtain, receive property

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2.10 Doubly Weak Verbs More than one weak consonant to go or come out both I-י and III-א Features of both weak categories A number of common doubly weak verbs – e.g. יָצָא No need to memorize Identify weak features (see esp. slide no: 16)

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs עָשָׂה רָאָה הָיָה יָצָא נָשָׂא נָתַן 3ms יַעֲשֶׂה יִרְאֶה יִהְיֶה יֵצֵא יִשָּׂא יִתֵּן 3fs תַּעֲשֶׂה תִּרְאֶה תִּהְיֶה תֵּצֵא תִּשָּׂא תִּתֵּן 2ms 2fs תַּעֲשִׂי תִּרְאִי תִּהְיִי תֵּצְאִי תִּשְׂאִי תִּתְּנִי 1cs אֶעֱשֶׂה אֶרְאֶה אֶהְיֶה אֶצֵא אֶשָּׂא אֶתֵּן 3mp יַעֲשׂוּ יִרְאוּ יִהְיוּ יֵצְאוּ יִשְׂאוּ יִתְּנוּ 3fp תַּעֲשֶׂ֫ינָה תִּרְאֶ֫ינָה תִּהְיֶ֫ינָה תֵּצֶ֫אנָה תִּשֶּׂ֫אנָה תִּתֵּ֫נָּה 2mp תַּעֲשׂוּ תִּרְאוּ תִּהְיוּ תֵּצְאוּ תִּשְׂאוּ תִּתְּנוּ 2fp 1cp נַעֲשֶׂה נִרְאֶה נִהְיֶה נֵצֵא נִשָּׂא נִתֵּן Of app Qal imperfect l *

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 3.1 Reconstructing Verbal Roots Some weak verbs lose one or more of the original root consonants נָתַן (to give), יִתֵּן (he will give) Loss of the first root consonant  makes identification challenging  How do you identify the original root? Know your options – limited amount of options Four major weak verb classes drop a consonant I-י , I-נ , III-ה and Geminate Three options “Manual” – based on knowledge of the grammar Analytical lexicons Computer based Bible software *

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Manual option – diagnostic clues: E.g. יֵשֵׁב - is this Biconsonantal ( שָׁב or שׁוּב ), geminate ( שָׁבַב ), III-ה ( שָׁבָה ), I-י ( יָשָׁב ), or I-נ ( נָשָׁב )? 1) Many I-י verbs… Drop the initial Yod – e.g. יָשָׁב (sit, dwell)  יֵשֵׁב (he’ll sit/dwell) Tsere preformative vowel as key to identification – it’s the diagnostic feature of the I- יimperfect conjugation 2) I-נ verbs (and לָקַח ) often feature assimilation + Daghesh Forte First root consonant (נ) assimilate into the second root consonant – results in Daghesh Forte in the second root consonant E.g. Impf. 3ms for of נָפַל (to fall) is יִפֹּל (he will fall). Daghesh Forte alerts that this is a I-נ weak verbal root *

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 3) With III-ה weak roots, the loss of final ה every time In forms w/o impf. sufformative (3ms, 3fs, 2ms, 1cs., 1cp.) a final ה vowel is present ( יִבְנֶה ). In forms that have the sufformative (2fs, 3mp, 3fp, 2mp, 2fp), the final ה is absent: בָּנָה (to build)  יִבְנוּ (they’ll build). Use process of elimination to determine the root: No Daghesh forte in the ב - it is not I-נ The preformative vowel is not Tsere – it is not I-י It could be Geminate but Geminate usually have Qamets or Tsere as preformative vowel  Only option is III-ה *

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 4) With Geminate verbs – only one geminate consonant remains Impf. 3ms of סָבַב (to surround) is יָסֹב (he will surround) – only one ב Some geminates have Daghesh Forte in the remaining geminate consonant  Diagnostic key – when present Without Daghesh Forte – use process of elimination See III-ה verb category (previous slide) Additional keys to identification Know vocabulary well Try (not guess!) various alternatives Alternatively – Use analytical lexicon Use computer program with an analytical parsing key *

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs Practice Workbook no: 1-3 pp. 95, 101, 107, 111, 115, 119 Homework Workbook: “Bible Translation” p. 97, no: 1; p. 103, no: 1; p. 109, no: 3; p. 113, no: 2; p. 116, no: 2; p. 121, no: 2 Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Quizz I on vocabulary (16.24, p. 191) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/