Worldview of the Aztecs Aztec Worldview Worldview of the Aztecs

CHAPTER 9 Spain Looks Westward In this Chapter... - We will look at the Spanish Worldview that led to the meeting of the Spanish conquistador, Cortez and the Aztec people - What was happening in Spain during the 1400’s? - What factor’s led King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella to decide to support Columbus’s venture?

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus finally finds a sponsor for his adventure across the Atlantic... What factors do you think influenced Christopher Columbus to want to set out on his voyage? Why might the Spanish monarchs have been reluctant to support him?

Worldview Inquiry... What elements of a society’s worldview might lead to a desire to create an empire? Knowledge Geography WORLDVIEW Time Economy Values Beliefs Society

Activity... Can you identify a person in today’s society that resembles Columbus? Why are they comparable?

Chapter 9 Vocabulary words Your Homework! Chapter 9 Vocabulary words Due: Next class 

Vocabulary! Reconquista National Unity Caliphate Hadith Principalities Ideals Spanish Inquisition Caliph Monotheism Martyr Polytheism Mosque Missionaries Status Hidalgos Moors Propaganda LeGrand Derangement Code of Chivalry Conquistador

Vocabulary Check! Reconquista Caliphate Principalities - The Christian reconquest of Spain from the Muslims Caliphate - The area of jurisdiction of Islamic rulers Principalities - Small areas often ruled by Princes Spanish Inquisition - A state-run system of courts in Spain where non-Catholics were put on trial Monotheism - The belief in the existence of one God Polytheism - The belief in the existence of many Gods

- a sense of common purpose and direction among a nation’s citizens Missionaries - Men and women from religious order with the authority to teach and convert people to Christianity Hidalgos - The sons of poor nobles Propaganda - Attempts to manipulate people by using exaggerated or distorted information Code of Chivalry - A set of values meant to govern the behaviour of all Christian soldiers National Unity - a sense of common purpose and direction among a nation’s citizens

- a position, power, or rank in relation to others Hadith - the sacred sayings of the Prophet Muhammad Ideals - the highest standards or values an individual or group can conceive Caliph - a supreme ruler under the Islamic faith Martyr - a person who is willing to die for his beliefs Mosque - a sacred place of worship in the Islamic faith Status - a position, power, or rank in relation to others

Moors Le Grand Derangement Conquistador - a Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent from North Africa. They conquered the Iberian peninsula in the 8th century Le Grand Derangement - The expulsion of the Acadians from their homeland Conquistador - one who conquers; specifically, a leader in the Spanish conquest of America and especially of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century

Geography & Religion How might the location of a country influence its religious experience? Spain’s location between Africa & Europe was to have a great influence on its religious history… Figure 9-2 (pg. 194)

Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain In the beginning of the middle ages, most of Spain was Christian Internal struggles & a series of weak rulers left the region vulnerable to attack from outside 711  Muslim force landed in Spain & conquered almost the entire Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) New rulers, in attempt to create some ‘National Unity’ began the construction of a large Mosque in the City of Cordoba

Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain What does Al Andalus mean? It is an Arabic name that refers to the parts of the IBERIAN PENINSULA that was governed by Arab & North African Muslims – called MOORS at various times throughout 711-1492

Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain Many Christians converted to Islam, some did not Christians believed in converting others to their religion Muhammad, the founder of Islam, also believed that spreading his new religion was a sacred duty

Life & Society Spain was part of a vast empire for the next 5 centuries The Arab Islamic world was part of the largest economic trade zone in the world - included people from many cultures Goods & ideas were exchanged between places Muslim rulers & rich merchants supported the arts – music, art & architecture reflected Islamic values

Centres of Learning Learning was greatly valued in Muslim society as a way of understanding the universe & to aid in living an ethical life The world’s 1st university was established in Cairo (capital of Egypt), over 200 years before the 1st university in Europe Muslim scholars studied & discussed medicine & science Scholars in the Islamic world knew much more about natural science than Europeans

Religious Tolerance Most historians assert that Muslim Spain was a society that was relatively tolerant of religious minorities... What does it mean to be ‘tolerant of religious minorities’? Do you think Canada is ‘tolerant of religious minorities’?

VOICES pg 198 In small groups, describe the reasons each of the four individuals give for favoring religious tolerance. Brainstorm additional reasons and add to the list. Why do you think it is important for people to be tolerant of other religions? What could you do to encourage religious tolerance in your community?

Al-Andalus Muslim Spain In the early 1000’s the CALIPHATE in Spain began to decline... Series of ineffective rulers led to civil unrest & the sectioning of Al-Andulus into independent PRINCIPALITIES A unified Muslim state was now gone

Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain Christian areas were reduced to a narrow strip along the Northern Coast of Spain These areas now began to expand Southward The RECONQUISTA began as a way for the Christian kingdoms to expand their power & influence – it was a war based on religious differences

The RECONQUISTA The Christian states of Spain called the process of expansion the RECONQUISTA Ferdinand was the King of Aragon & Isabella was the Queen of Castille… How did their marriage unify Spain?

Your Homework! Read, highlight & answer questions on workbook pages 1-5 for NEXT CLASS Current Events: Locate a news report that relates to religious tolerance or religious intolerance. Describe what the article is about & how religious tolerance/intolerance is illustrated in your article News article is due THURSDAY!

Creating a Christian Spain In what ways did King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella impose their religious worldview on Spanish society? What events in your life stand out as being particularly important? How did these events influence your behaviour, ideas or attitude?

Creating a Christian Spain King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella were so devoted to their religion – they were given the title of ‘Catholic Monarchs’ Why do you think the Muslim presence in Spain & the Christian Reconquista might have been significant factors in King Ferdinand’s & Queen Isabella’s thinking about religion in Spain? In what ways might these events influenced their behaviour?

Creating a Christian Spain The RECONQUISTA was a long process After 10 years of fighting, Granada was captured and Spain was now a Christian land This long & terrible struggle affected Ferdinand & Isabella’s rule in many ways…

The Spanish Inquisition Ferdinand & Isabella took over the SPANISH INQUISITION from the church in order to unite Spain under one religion The inquisition became a state-run system of courts where Church officials put believers of religious ideas OTHER than Catholicism on trial Muslims & Jews were to either CONVERT or be EXILED Some left Spain, some pretended to convert – Muslims & Jews lived in fear

The Spanish Inquisition The expulsion of the Jews & Muslims had serious effects on Spain… Both the Spanish Jews & Muslims had formed a large part of the educated middle class – the loss of their skills made if difficult for Spain to maintain economic growth at the end of the 1400’s

Saving Souls As the Catholics Monarchs were pushing all non-Christians out of Spain, they began to think about people in other countries Muslims were spreading Islam throughout the Middle East & Asia – Ferdinand & Isabella saw this is a threat to Christianity Why ?

Saving Souls Ferdinand & Isabella now believed it was their RELIGIOUS DUTY to convert as many people to Catholicism as possible This became one of the reasons why Columbus’s plan was accepted – he promised their would be millions of people to convert to Catholicism in the new lands

Saving Souls Beginning with Columbus, all the Spanish conquistadors brought MISSIONARIES with them on their voyages Christian missionaries would convert millions of Indigenous peoples all over the world …

Religion & Conflict fast forward, pg. 202 With a partner, discuss what point of view about war St. Augustine is presenting. Brainstorm how it applies to modern & historical conflict situations.

Gold & Glory How important do you think wealth & fame are in today’s society? How does your search for fame & wealth affect people’s attitudes & behaviour? What would you rather be famous OR wealthy? WHY?

Gold & Glory In what ways did the desire for gold & glory shape Spanish actions during the 1400’s & 1500’s? One of the key motivators for European explorers was the search for GOLD & Monarchs who supported their voyages wanted gold themselves…

Gold & Glory European thinking during the Renaissance was that National Wealth is based on a countries supplies of gold & silver Being wealthy meant that countries could buy natural resources it needed, pay for wars to protect their borders & even expand their borders

Wealth for Spain 1492 – Spain used up its gold & silver reserves The war against the Muslims had used up all of Spain’s precious medals Ferdinand & Isabella hoped Columbus’s mission would bring back gold Why is war the most expensive activity for a nation?

Wealth for Spain The news that Columbus had discovered gold on his 1st voyage was astounding Ferdinand & Isabella approved a new voyage immediately – this one would be many times larger than the 1st For the next 100 years Spain’s desire for trade & income would drive its exploration of the American continents

Gaining Personal Wealth Spanish nobles had only 2 ways to support themselves:  war & land They fought for the Monarch & were rewarded for their services There was also a large class of LOWER nobles called HIDALGOS – these nobles never owned land By the end of the reconquista, there was a shortage of good land, not enough to support all the nobles Some nobles became involved in business & commerce while others went to the Americas to seek fortune

Your Homework ! Reading Guide 