Rrjetat e Kompjuterave Trende Mimoza Durresi Department of Computer and Information Science IUPUI Durresi@csc.iupui.edu
Overview Rrjetat – mjete per te permiresuar komunikimin Arkitecturat e Rrjetave Evolucioni i Rrjetave Trende ne Rrjeta Pse na duhet nje Internet i “ri”?
Komunikimi Shkembimi i Informacionit (Komunikimi), ben te mundur shoqerine njerezore dhe civilizimin Permiresimet ne komunikim – kane shenjuar historine e civilizimit Gjuha Shkrimi Librat Kominikimet elektronike, Interneti
Komunikimi me Kompjuter Vegla te krijuara per te permiresuar aftesite tona: Automobilet, aeroplanet, mikroskopet, teleskopet Telegraf , Telefon Kompjuterat te lindur per te magazinuar dhe perpunuar informacion Kompjuterat per te komunikuar; Rrjetat – me shume se dy kompjutera Cdo epoke ne historine njerezore eshte dominuar nga nje vegel: Revolucioni Industrial: motorri me avull Epoka e informacionit: Kompjuterat dhe rrjetat Interneti eshe mjeti universal per komunikim
Vlera e Rrjetave Ligji i Metcalfe Vlera e nje rrjete eshte ne perpjestim te drejte me katrorin e numerit te nyjeve
Zhvillim Spektakular
IT & Evolucioni i Telekomit Wireless Sensor Nets Telecom Internet + Telecom Cell Phones Everywhere (~2000) The Physical World virtualized via sensors & actuators Information Tech The Virtual World control data Digital Media Convergence (2000-2010) Global Internet for data & telecom Global Internet (~2000) Pervasive Computing (2015-)
Ekonomia e Re Transformime themelore ne ekonomi mbasi buzneset perfitojne nga teknologjite e reja, mundesite e reja, dhe investimet kombetare ne kompjutera, dhe teknologjite e informacionit Teknologjite e reja te telekomunikacioneve kane dhene kontribute te medha ne Ekonomine e Re Mundesi per prodhime te reja per bizneset dhe konsumatoret Forma me eficiente te organizimit industrial te mundesuara nga komunikime me te lira dhe eficiente. Nderkohe qe sektori i Telekomit eshte nje perqind I ekonomise ne US, ky sektor gjeneron dhjete perqind te rritjes ekonomike kombetare Si ta mbajme dhe permiresojme kete faktor me 10?
Rritja e traffikut global ne Exabytes, 2011–2016
Prashikimi i Cisco 56 Exabytes per muaj per trafikun IP ne 2013
Internet Video
Video
Internet Video gjeneron me shume trafik se sa e gkothe backbone e US ne 2000
Mobile Video
Mobile Cloud Aplikimet media ne Cloud shumfishojne trafikun e Smartphone
Mobility - levizshmeria Laptopet dhe paisjet e levizeshme me brez te gjere rrisin trafikun
Mobility Mundesia e rritjes se trafikut per nje klient mobile
A varet teknologjia vetem nga faktoret teknike ? Teknologjia varet nga sistemi socio-teknik Social, Politik, Economik, Instituconal Jo thjesht produkt racional i shkencetareve dhe inxhinjereve Ttknologjia kuptohet kur shihet si pjese e shoqerise Shembuj: Motorrat e makinave: djegje e brendeshme vs. avull Teknologjite e rrjetave: OSI vs. TCP/IP vs. ATM, Ethernet vs. Token Ring, ISDN vs. fax Ne te ardhmen: Mekanizmat e Cilesise se Sherbimit (Quality of Service) ne Internet
Faktoret e Suksesit per Sherbime te Reja Teknologjia nuk eshte i vetmi faktor per suksesin e nje sherbimi Tre faktore ne sherbimet telekom Market New Service Technology Can it be implemented cost-effectively? Can there be demand for the service? Is the service allowed? Regulation
Standartet Internet Engineering Task Force Internet standards development Request for Comments (RFCs): www.ietf.org International Telecommunications Union International telecom standards IEEE 802 Committee Local area and metropolitan area network standards Industry Organizations MPLS Forum, WiFi Alliance, World Wide Web Consortium
Rrjetat jane shume komplekse Shume lloj teknologjish Jo te gjithe standartet jane kompatibel Shume teknologji per te lidhur rrjetat Nuk ka nje teori te vetme Si te studiohen rrjetat? Perqendrim ne koncepte Kur duhet shko nga konceptet tek detajet Konceptet merren borxh ndermejt teknologjive
Suksesi i Internetit
Scalability – Shkallezimi eshte koncepti themelor ne rrjeta If you can scale, everything else must be working Mike O’Dell, Chief Technologist, UUNET Nuk ka nje makine qe te kete informacion te plote per gjendjen e sistemit Makinat marrin vendime duke u bazuar vetem ne informacione lokale Ndalimi I nje makine nuk shkaterron sistemin
Evolucioni i Rrjetave te Kopjuterave 1950s: Teknologjia telegrafit perfshin kompjuterat 1960s: Terminale pa inteligjence per te perdorur komjuterat SABRE sistemi I rezervimit te kompanive ajrore 1970s: Kompjuterat lidhen direkt me njeri tjetrin ARPANET rrjeta me kucje pakete TCP/IP internet protocolle Ethernet local area network 1980s & 1990s: New applications and Internet growth Commercialization of Internet E-mail, file transfer, web, P2P, . . . Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
Store-and-forward Packet Switching To interconnect many computers Statistical multiplexing – more efficient than time-division multiplexing ARPNET late 1960s The network is peripheral
Local Area Networks Emergence of LANs Ethernet 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet everywhere: LAN and WAN
Arkitektura e Internetit E Percaktuar nga Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Hourglass Design … FTP HTTP NV TFTP TCP UDP IP NET 1 2 n
Internet Protocol IP Hour-glass model: Mban bashke Internetin, Cdo gje mbi IP, dhe IP mbi cdo gje Gjuhe e perbashket Implementuar ne hoste dhe routera lejon heterogjenitetin Qasje minimale. Best effort datagram service Nje nga arsyet kryesore te suksesit te Internetit IP TCP,UDP ATM,Ethern.
Gjeneratat e Internetit Projekt kerkimor RFC1 – April 1969 ARPA projekti filloi disa vit eme pare IP, TCP, UDP Kryesisht kerkues shkencore
Internet 1.0 Paul Baran ne 1960s, mendonte rrjeta qe mund t’i qendronin sulmee te medha
Internet 1.0 A rough sketch map of the possible topology of ARPANET by Larry Roberts. The map was drawn in the late 1960s as part of the planning for the network
Internet 1.0 - 2.0
Internet Generations Internet 2.0 (1989 – Present) – Komercial – Kerkesa te reja Security RFC1108 n 1989 Inter-domain routing: OSPF, BGP IP Multicasting Address Shortage, IPv6 Congestion Control, Quality of Service… VoIP, P2P, Skype…
Historical Maps of Computer Networks http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html The pioneering research of Paul Baran in the 1960s, who envisioned a communications network that would survive a major enemy attacked. Donald Davies, a pioneer in networking in the 1960s A good book Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon
The next killer application is … E Ardhmja e Internetit The next killer application is …
Smartphone > PC Shipments Within 2 Years, Global – Implies Very Rapid Evolution of Internet Access Global Unit Shipments of Desktop PCs + Notebook PCs vs. Smartphones, 2005 – 2013E 700 2012E: Inflection Point Smartphones > Total PCs 600 500 400 300 200 100 Annual Unit Shipments (MM) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E Desktop PCs Smartphones Notebook PCs 2013E Note: Notebook PCs include Netbooks. Source: IDC, Gartner, Morgan Stanley Research estimates. 5
Global Mobile Data Growth Today is Similar to Global Internet Growth in the Late 1990s
Device Diversification
One-Quarter of Mobile Users Will Own Two or More Mobile-Connected Devices by 2016 By the end of 2012, the number of mobile-connected devices will exceed the number of people on earth, and by 2016 there will be 1.4 mobile devices per capita.
Comparison of Global Device Unit Growth and Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth
Traffic Offload from Mobile Networks to Fixed Networks 22 Percent of Total Mobile Data Traffic will be Offloaded in 2016
Machine-to-Machine Traffic to Increase 22-Fold Between 2011 and 2016
Permbledhje Rrjetat – mjete per te permiresuar komunikimet Arkitektura e rrjetave Evolucioni I Rrjetave Trende