USEPA SmartWay Technology Program and Research Update Presentation for Truck-Trailer Manufacturer Association’s Industry and Government Meeting July 28, 2016 Sam Waltzer Julie Hawkins Dennis Johnson

Overview Aerodynamics Program Update Testing and Research Programs Near and distant priorities

SmartWay Trailer and Aerodynamics Verification New programs introduced in 2014 Scope Fleet-relevant Credibility Simplicity Recognition 53’ Van trailers 53’ Refrigerated trailers Trailer Designation Levels SmartWay Trailer (5% fuel savings from aero) (1% fuel savings from tires) SmartWay “Elite” Trailer (9% fuel savings from aero) (1% fuel savings from tires) 9% or more fuel savings 5% (5.0 – 8.9) fuel savings 4% (4.0 – 4.9) fuel savings 1% (1.0 – 3.9) fuel savings Aero Device Performance Bins March 2014 we released the new SmartWay trailer program in interim form at the American Trucking Association’s (ATA’s) annual Technology & Maintenance Council (TMC) We updated the programs to: incorporate lessons learned and respond to stakeholders; improve effectiveness through a more credible, transparent, and efficient program; and reach key audiences better. Since March 2014 we’ve: held webinars and received input from stakeholders; assisted manufacturers as they use the new test methods and verify Elite level aerodynamics packages. New Track Test Tunnel Choice of new 2014 test method for verification and option to supplement with additional test methods Test Methods Web table indicating all methods used to verify a device Coastdown CFD

SmartWay Technology aero activity continuing implementation of new program Protocols Wind Tunnel, Track & Coast Down Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Considering validation process for CFD tools Engaging manufacturers for input Technologies that may not be appropriate for certain test methods Testing Tunnel, track and coastdown performance demonstrations Additional full scale testing planned

Updated SmartWay aero verification Manufacturers verifying products in all of the performance bins New Program Level (% fuel savings) New Verifications Verification Method 9%+ Elite 10 packages 10 Wind tunnel 5% 4 Devices or systems 3 Wind tunnel 1 Coastdown 4% 5 Devices 5 wind tunnel 1% 1 System 1 Wind tunnel Opportunity for Feedback: Is multiple-method approach building fleet confidence in verified products? Are there barriers to using full-scale methods? Will fleets have less confidence without J1321 testing? Several traditional Elite combinations: Advanced Skirt (5%) + Advance Tail(5%); Adv Skirt (5%) + Adv Tail (5%) + Gap Reducer (1%). Seeing less conventional designs in the most recent requests for Elite verification Device manufacturers indicate interest in “upgrading” existing 5% trailers to Elite by adding single components. Note: Verifications based upon previous test protocol remain valid. Data above reflects new verifications that must use the new methods. Additional applications are pending review.

Wind Tunnel Research on Trailer Aero Combinations Aerodynamic Drag Reductions from individual and Combinations of Trailer Aerodynamic Components Combinations work – bigger packages produce bigger fuel savings. Synergy – Sometimes aero devices work together to save more fuel than the sum of their individual results. Wind angles – Some devices work better at higher wind angles. *Aerodynamic drag measured using a wind tunnel and 1/8th scale model representing a class 8, long-haul, tractor-trailer.

SmartWay Tire Testing Objectives: Audit testing of verified tires Consider potential lab variability Retread protocol update Review test methods Effect of tire characteristics and test conditions Methods SAE J1269 and ISO 28580 Track and coast down

Tire Research - Fuel Savings vs Rolling Resistance LRR tires on tractor & trailer LRR tires on tractor only LRR tires on trailer only Baseline tires 9/18/2018 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

SmartWay Research of Refrigerated Trailers & Sea Containers (a. k. a SmartWay Research of Refrigerated Trailers & Sea Containers (a.k.a., “Reefers”) SmartWay and EPA’s Ports Initiative are currently studying the potential benefits of commercially available eTRUs (i.e., diesel hybrid, electric stand-by, and all-electric TRUs) as well as barriers to their adoption. Study to include a reefer market analysis and testing of representative samples of eTRUs. Study will be used to determine potential energy efficiency and environmental benefits of eTRU technologies including their ability to meet climate control needs in regional or long haul transport. eTRU technologies to demonstrate a significant range of improvement over conventional diesel reefers will assist EPA in encouraging fleet adoption and support SmartWay and Port Initiative program efforts. Transport Refrigeration Units (TRUs) are used to refrigerate, heat, and regulate the air flow of insulated trailers and intermodal containers. Small diesel-fueled engines and generators are used in TRUs to provide power to operate trailer and container air conditioning and heating. TRUs combined with an insulated trailer or container provide climate control to transport temperature sensitive goods such as fruit, frozen foods, and pharmaceuticals long distances.   An over the road refrigerated trailer (reefer) is a 28 to 53 ft. refrigerated box van with insulated walls and door seals, movable bulkheads, and channelized floors and walls to facilitate cool or warm air flow. A reefer sea container ( a.k.a, a TEU, twenty-foot equivalent unit) is similar in construction to a reefer but is 20 or 40 feet with 20 feet the most common size. A reefer trailer may remain in operation for 14 years or more and the TRU may exceed the life of the trailer on which it is mounted. Currently, fleets may purchase a TRU which can have electric plug-in capability but the fleet may not choose the option or ultimately plug-in the unit. Understanding how these technologies are being used or not in the transport of temperature and climate controlled goods will assist EPA in developing programmatic strategies to verify and encourage the use of alternatives to diesel fueled, i.e., eTRUs such as diesel-electric hybrids and all electric plug-in and related refrigerated transport technologies.

Near-term SmartWay Technology Priorities Aero More devices verified using new protocols More devices verified using more-than-one protocol SmartWay research published SmartWay CFD protocol to complement track, wind tunnel, and coastdown procedures Tires Ongoing audit testing SmartWay research published Updated retread protocol Digital application process

Opportunity Areas for SmartWay Technologies Trailers in US* 12 million Existing tractors and trailers Finding replacement tires and retreads that save fuel Evaluating aerodynamic retrofits New tractors and trailers Helping fleets find most fuel efficient options based upon certification data & innovation Pre-2018 Trailers 2018 and Newer Trailers 150 thousand 2018 Years Tractors in US* 2.7 million Pre-2014 Tractors 2014 and Newer Tractors 185 thousand 2014 Years * For illustration purposes only

SmartWay Technology Program Looking Forward SmartWay Technology mission remains relatively the same… Accelerate adoption of fuel-saving technologies in freight movement by helping fleets find and use technologies that work

For Distant priorities - We need your input For Distant priorities - We need your input! How can SmartWay better help adoption of fuel saving technologies? For existing trailers How can the verified technology listings be improved? What information can help fleets? Should SmartWay Tech expand into new sectors or applications? For new trailers What should SmartWay consider for tractor-trailer technology options? Are there other tractors or trailer types we should include? How can we best work with manufacturers on test programs & guidance? How might we update the SmartWay Designated Trailer criteria in the future.

USEPA Technology mailbox: Tech_Assessment@epa.gov http://www.epa.gov/smartway/forpartners/technology.htm USEPA Technology mailbox: Tech_Assessment@epa.gov TAC Director: Dennis Johnson (johnson.dennis@epa.gov) SmartWay Aerodynamics contact: Sam Waltzer (waltzer.sam@epa.gov) Julie Hawkins (hawkins.julie@epa.gov) SmartWay Idle Reduction Technology contact: Victor McMahan (mcmahan.victor@epa.gov) SmartWay Tires contact: Joe Bachman (bachman.joseph@epa.gov) Anthony Erb (erb.anthony@epa.gov)