Predicting Volcanoes http://www.bellenews.com/2016/09/14/world/asia-news/sakurajima-volcano-eruption/ Sakurajima’s last deadly eruption was in 1914, when 58 people died.

Monitoring Volcanoes Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Remote Sensing Image: √

Click on the Video Below of Volcanic Gases (01:13) Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Link: USGS Volcanic Gases Can be Harmful to Health, Vegetation, and Infrastructure This is a reading about the different volcanic gases and the hazards they present. If the link does not work, the article is in the Google Drive  Monitoring Folder

Click on the Video Below of Salton Sea Mudflow (00:34) Carbon dioxide gas detection instrument installed at Horseshoe Lake, Mammoth Mountain, California https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/gas_water.html Click on the Video Below of Salton Sea Mudflow (00:34)

Click on the Video Below about Mount Etna (03:32) Temperature Image: http://www.flir.co.uk/cs/display/?id=42499 Click on the Video Below about Mount Etna (03:32)

Norris-2003. a YVO scientist takes a temperature measurement at "Son of Green Dragon" thermal feature. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Thermocouple temperature measurement of a lava breakout from the June 27th lava flow, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi. Bulk calculated temp 1100°C (2012°F) 3 km (1.9 mi) from Puʻu ʻŌʻō source vent. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Photograph compared with thermal image showing a geologist sampling lava that was seeping out of the interior of a rootless shield, Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Click on the Video Below about Epic Volcanic Video (00:59) Cameras Click on the Video Below about Panoramic View of Puna Lava Flow Engulfing Pahoa Property 11.13.14 (00:14) Image: http://www.flir.co.uk/cs/display/?id=42499 Click on the Video Below about Epic Volcanic Video (00:59)

Image: http://www. csmonitor Satellites

Composite satellite image, including lava flow thermal infrared, of Veniaminof volcano collected by Landsat-8. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Global Positioning System receiver (called a GPS monument) at North Rim Station, a monitoring location at Newberry volcano, Oregon. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

GPS data, station CASA, Long Valley Caldera, California Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Earthquake and Lahar Sensors Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Lahar Sensors An automated system detects lahar flows by using a network of small sensors called acoustic flow monitors (AFMs) embedded underground to measure ground vibrations made by passing lahars. Computer base stations located in the Washington State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) continuously analyze signals from the field stations. Upon detection of a lahar, the computer alerts local 24–hour emergency monitoring and notification centers, who initiate the warning component of the system. Warning messages would trigger immediate, preplanned emergency-response actions. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mount_rainier/mount_rainier_monitoring_99.html

Lahar Flow Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley. Small seasonal events are sometimes referred to as "debris flows", especially in the Cascades. Lahars generally occur on or near stratovolcanoes, such as those of the Aleutian volcanic arc in Alaska and the Cascade Range in the Western U.S. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Volcanic Mudflows (Lahar and Debris) Flow Volcanic mudflows (lahars and debris flows) occur more commonly after a landscape has been covered by loose volcanic material. Sign on the slopes of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/lahars.html Click on the Video Below of Salton Mudflow Mayhem (01:01)

Lahars pick up material as they travel, which can cause damage to structures in their path. Damage here from Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/lahars.html Bridge destroyed by lahar in North Fork Toutle River during eruption of Mount St. Helens, May 18,1980.

https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/lahars.html Rock and ice debris avalanche (October 20, 1997) on the east side of Mount Adams.

InSAR InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a technique for mapping ground deformation using radar images of the Earth's surface that are collected from orbiting satellites.  Click on the Video Below of Salton Mount Etna Breathing NASA (deformation) (00:59) Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html Interferogram image made from InSAR monitoring, showing 1995-2001 ground-uplift pattern centered 5 km (3 mi) west of South Sister volcano, Oregon

Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Yellowstone ground movement map from Sept 2004 - Aug 2006. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html Yellowstone ground movement map from Sept 2004 - Aug 2006.

Ground Vibrations Image: http://www.isthisthingon.org/Yellowstone/daythumbs.php

Surveying Image: http://magnet.fsu.edu/~odom/1000/volcanoes/volcan3.html

Deformation Imagehttp://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2011-02-22-christchurch/2011/03/15/retaining-walls-part-2/ground-deformation-behind-timber-crib-wall/

Tiltmeter Water-tube tiltmeter "pot" installed in 1956 in an underground vault near Kīlauea volcano summit. Pots are connected by tubing and filled with water that flows between pots as wall tilts. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Tiltmeter Strainmeter installation at Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaiʻi. After strainmeter lowered into a hole drilled to a suitable depth, expansive grout added to cement instrument to surrounding rock. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html

Click on the Video Predicting Volcanoes (02:29) Tiltmeter Click on the Video Predicting Volcanoes (02:29) Borehole tiltmeter being lowered into a 3 m (about 10 ft) deep hole on Mauna Loa's Southwest Rift Zone, Hawaiʻi. Image: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/monitoring.html