DNA and the Cell Cycle Unit 4 Review

What to Know and Be Able to Do Unit 4 covers All of Human Knowledge including: Graphing and Analyzing Data DNA Binary Fission Cell Cycle & Mitosis Cell Cycle & Cancer Know vocabulary words and their definitions Review the lessons from this unit

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA Function Genetic Code DNA Structure Double Helix Nucleotide Base Pairs DNA Replication Process Daughter Strands

DNA Structure

DNA Structure Identify each structure indicated by the letter A = Nucleotide B = Nitrogen Base C = Deoxyribose Sugar D = Phosphate E = Double Helix F = H bond

Complementary Bases What do T, A, C, G stand for? Identify the sequence of bases on the bottom sugar-phosphate backbone.

DNA Structure Identify the structure for numbers 1-6 Identify the complementary base sequence for strand II

DNA Replication Process by which DNA copies itself DNA strand unwinds and unzips (H bonds) Complementary nucleotide bases pair with original DNA bases Result is 2 exact copies of original DNA strand Semi-conservative since new copies are half new and half original

DNA Replication Which strand represents the complementary base sequence of a DNA strand represented in the diagram above?

Binary Fission Binary fission is the process by which all bacteria reproduce. Binary fission results in the separation of a single cell into two identical daughter cells, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell.

Binary Fission 1. What type of cell undergoes binary fission? prokaryote eukaryote plant animal 2. Each resulting cell of binary fission is a _________ of the parent cell. mistake clone spindle mutation

Binary Fission If you were offered the choice of either a million dollars or a sum of money equal to a penny that doubles every day for 64 days in a row, which would you choose? In your own words, relate your choice to the growth rate of bacterial cells. Discuss in your own words two ways in which prokaryotic cells are different from eukaryotic cells.

Cell Cycle Know each stage and characteristics of each stage Let’s review What are the stages? What happens at each? Which are in interphase, which are in the mitotic phase? Review the questions in Lesson 4.4 Cell Cycle

Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses Nuclear envelope dissolves Centrioles migrate towards poles Spindle fibers form

Mitosis Metaphase Chromosomes align on equator of cell

Mitosis Anaphase Sister Chromatids separate at centromere Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards the poles of the cells by the microtubules Cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic material into two distinct populations

Mitosis Telophase Chromosomes are done moving A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of separated sister chromosomes Both sets of chromosomes unfold back into chromatin Mitosis is complete, but cell division is not yet complete.

Cytokinesis Separate process that begins at the same time as telophase Animal cells form cleavage furrow as cytoplasm is divided Plant cells form cell plate between daughter cells

Cancer & the Cell Cycle Review News Alert Cancer videos and animations (Lesson 4.8) What is cancer? Relate it to the Cell Cycle. What are some risk factors for cancer? What are some of the causes of cancer?