What was the impact of Edward Jenner’s vaccination method? Understand Jenner’s work on vaccination Consider the significance of Jenner’s vaccination

CORRECT STATEMENT IF FALSE Medieval medicine c.1200-c.1500 and Medical Renaissance c.1500-c.1700. Decide if the following statements are true or false. If they are false, correct the statement. STATEMENT TRUE OR FALSE CORRECT STATEMENT IF FALSE   Medieval people believed that many diseases and epidemics were caused by God. Medieval people would look to the alignment of the stars when explaining diseases. This was known as astroturf. Hippocrates and Galen were two famous doctors from Ancient Rome. They believed in the Theory of the Five Humours. The Church was a very traditional institution throughout the Middle Ages. They controlled many hospitals, which they used to help patients rest and recover. The Black Death struck England in the 13th century. People often blamed Muslims for the Black Death. A theriaca was a medieval treatment to remove infection by using a hot knife. People still believed that miasmata spread disease during the Medical Renaissance. Thomas Sydenham was a famous English doctor who discovered that there were, in fact, five humours. The Royal Society was set-up in 1660. Its role was to regulate the medical profession and decide who could and could not practice medicine. ``` A popular new renaissance theory was transference, the belief that an illness or disease could be transferred to something else. Syphillis was a new disease introduced in the early 16th century from sailors returning from China. Andreas Vesalius came up with new discoveries, such as the fact that the jaw was one bone, not two and that men did not have one fewer pair of ribs than women. William Harvey proved that veins and arteries ware linked together in one system. Harvey had to carry out his work in secret as the king and the Church were against his dissections of human corpses. People knew that the Great Plague was caused by bacteria and used disinfectant to prevent its outbreak. The government employed searchers to go from house to house finding plague victims. SILENT DO NOW Read through the following statements and decide if they are true or false. If they are false write the correct statement

Read through the sheet on 1700-1900 breakthroughs and answer the questions. Glue the information sheet and the question sheet into your books. Detailed answers. 1. Which breakthroughs changed: (a) ideas about the cause of disease (b) methods of treating the sick (c) methods of preventing people from becoming sick 2. There are lines connecting some breakthroughs but not others. (a) What do you think these lines represent? (b) Choose one pair of linked breakthroughs and suggest why they are linked . (c) what does the overall pattern of links suggest about which breakthrough was the most important?

1. Which breakthroughs changed: (a) ideas about the cause of disease (b) methods of treating the sick (c) methods of preventing people from becoming sick 2. There are lines connecting some breakthroughs but not others. (a) What do you think these lines represent? (b) Choose one pair of linked breakthroughs and suggest why they are linked . (c) what does the overall pattern of links suggest about which breakthrough was the most important? 1. Which breakthroughs changed: (a) ideas about the cause of disease (b) methods of treating the sick (c) methods of preventing people from becoming sick 2. There are lines connecting some breakthroughs but not others. (a) What do you think these lines represent? (b) Choose one pair of linked breakthroughs and suggest why they are linked . (c) what does the overall pattern of links suggest about which breakthrough was the most important? 1. Which breakthroughs changed: (a) ideas about the cause of disease (b) methods of treating the sick (c) methods of preventing people from becoming sick 2. There are lines connecting some breakthroughs but not others. (a) What do you think these lines represent? (b) Choose one pair of linked breakthroughs and suggest why they are linked . (c) what does the overall pattern of links suggest about which breakthrough was the most important? 1. Which breakthroughs changed: (a) ideas about the cause of disease (b) methods of treating the sick (c) methods of preventing people from becoming sick 2. There are lines connecting some breakthroughs but not others. (a) What do you think these lines represent? (b) Choose one pair of linked breakthroughs and suggest why they are linked . (c) what does the overall pattern of links suggest about which breakthrough was the most important?

Quick overview of smallpox and Jenner’s work Smallpox was a terrible threat to the health of the population There were regular epidemics, with a 1796 outbreak killing 3,548 people in London People tried to avoid catching the disease by giving themselves the disease, hoping they would not catch it again As the disease affected people differently, many dies from using this method Edward Jenner was an 18th century Gloucestershire doctor who gathered evidence of over 1,000 inoculations Jenner observed that those who had previously caught cowpox would not catch smallpox In 1796 Jenner infected a local boy with cowpox, and then smallpox, to test his theory. He repeated this theory on the boy again and then on other people. The Church, inoculators who stood to lose business and the Royal Society all opposed Jenner’s ideas However, the government supported Jenner’s ideas, enforcing compulsory vaccination

Read through pages 84-85 and complete the worksheet Read pages 84-85 and take notes on Edward Jenner and the development of the smallpox vaccination SMALLPOX IN 18TH CENTURY BRITAIN   HOW DID SMALLPOX AFFECT BRITAIN? HOW DID PEOPLE TRY TO AVOID SMALL POX? JENNER AND THE SMALLPOX VACCINATION WHO WAS EDWARD JENNER? HOW DID JENNER DISCOVER THE SMALLPOX VACCINATION? HOW DID PEOPLE RESPOND TO THE VACCINATION? WHAT GROUPS WERE AGAINST THE VACCINATIOIN, AND WHY? GOVERNMENT RESPONSE. If you finish answer the following questions in your book: Why did Jenner name his technique ‘vaccination’, after the Latin word for cow (vacca)? Explain why the British government favoured vaccination? There were three factors assisting Jenner in developing the smallpox vaccine (individual, institutional and scientific). Explain the role each played and assess which factor was the most influential. If you finish, answer the questions on the bottom of the page

How significant was the vaccination? ‘Vaccination against smallpox was a major breakthrough in the prevention of disease.’ How far do the following statements agree or disagree with this statement? STATEMENT   AGREE OR DISAGREE? WHY? WHICH FACTOR(S) DOES THIS FALL UNDER? Stopping smallpox was not new. Inoculation was already being used to prevent smallpox. Many inoculators, such as the Suffolk surgeons Daniel and Robert Sutton, carried out thousands of inoculations. There was a lot of opposition to vaccination. The vaccination meant doctors and inoculators would no longer be earning money by giving inoculations. The Church did not like the idea of a treatment that was linked to animals. Jenner showed the value of scientific method. Jenner had found a way of saving thousands of people from smallpox. His work was an excellent example using scientific methods of experiment and enquiry, encouraging other scientists to solve medical problems. Inoculation had limited impact on smallpox. Inoculation was risky because people could die or pass the disease on to someone else. Vaccination did not have these risks. Vaccination was free. Whereas inoculation was expensive and usually only available to richer people, vaccination was offered free by Jenner and the government also paid for vaccinations. Vaccination saved many lives. Although vaccination was not compulsory it was widely used and led to a significant fall in eaths from smallpox. Deaths fell even more rapidly ater 1871 when compulsory vaccination was enforced. By the 1970s smallpox was wiped out worldwide. Vaccination did not lead to other breakthroughs. Vaccination only dealt with one disease and did not help doctors stop other infectious diseases. Vaccination was a ‘one-off ‘discovery, made because of the chance connection between cowpox and smallpox. Jenner did not know that bacteria caused disease, and so could not use his method to prevent other diseases. Vaccination was very important but did not lead to other discoveries. Read through the following statements. You must decide: If they show the vaccination to be significant or not; A brief explanation why; Which factor(s) each statement fall under.

Start planning now, write-up for homework Remember, you need three paragraphs. You may want to write about Jenner and advances in science and technology, so decide what structure your answer will take before writing. Explain why there was rapid change in the prevention of smallpox after 1798. You may use the following in your answer: inoculation the government You must also use information of your own.