History of Vaccines Variolation: inoculation of smallpox into skin (eighteenth century) Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox virus into skin (Jenner) Inoculation.

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Presentation transcript:

History of Vaccines Variolation: inoculation of smallpox into skin (eighteenth century) Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox virus into skin (Jenner) Inoculation with rabies virus (Pasteur)

Chapter 18, unnumbered figure B, page 510, Reported numbers of measles cases in the United States, 1960–2010. (CDC, 2010) 140 120 Vaccine licensed 100 500,000 80 Reported number of cases 450,000 60 40 400,000 20 350,000 300,000 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Reported number of cases Year 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Vaccines Used to Prevent Bacterial Diseases Diphtheria Purified diphtheria toxoid Meningococcal meningitis Purified polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis Pertussis (whooping cough) Inactivated toxin plus acellular fragments of Bordetella pertussis Pneumococcal pneumonia Purified polysaccharide from seven strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae Tetanus Purified tetanus toxoid Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis Polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated with protein to enhance effectiveness

Vaccines Used to Prevent Viral Diseases Influenza Injected vaccine, inactivated virus (nasally administered: attenuated virus) Measles Attenuated virus Mumps Rubella Chickenpox Poliomyelitis Killed virus

Vaccines Used to Prevent Viral Diseases Rabies Killed virus Hepatitis B Antigenic fragments of virus Hepatitis A Inactivated virus Smallpox Live vaccinia virus Herpes zoster Attenuated virus Human papillomavirus

Vaccines for Persons Aged 0–6 Years Hepatitis B Rotavirus DTaP Haemophilus influenzae type b Pneumococcal Inactivated poliovirus Influenza

Vaccines for Persons Aged 0–6 Years MMR* Varicella* Hepatitis A Meningococcal * As of 2012 it is not MMRV

Types of Vaccines Attenuated whole-agent vaccines MMR vaccine Inactivated whole-agent vaccines Salk polio vaccine Toxoids Tetanus vaccine

Types of Vaccines Subunit vaccines Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines Acellular pertussis Recombinant hepatitis B Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines West Nile (for horses)