The Enlightenment and Revolutions 1550-1800 Chapter 8 in Text – pages 128 to 147 The Enlightenment and Revolutions 1550-1800

Chapter 8 – Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution The Renaissance - inspired spirit of _____________; discoveries of ________________ manuscripts led to the realization that ancient scholars often did not _______________; scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted for _____________ of years _____________________ spread new ideas quickly.

Age of European Exploration - Long _______________________ required better navigational instruments, which led to research in ___________________ & ________________. As __________________ looked more closely at the world around them, they made ________________ that did not match ___________________ beliefs.

Scientific Instruments - Invention of ____________, microscope, _________________, & thermometer

The Ptolemaic System Ptolemy, who lived in 100s A.D. was a great ____________________ of antiquity Ptolemaic System- geocentric model of the _______________, places ______________ at the center of the universe Universe a series of ________________ spheres Beyond the tenth sphere is _______________, where God resides.

Nicolaus Copernicus – 1543 Published ___________________________ _________________ ideas - Planets revolve around the ________________ Apparent movement of sun around __________ was caused by the rotation of ______________ on it’s axis

Johannes Kepler - __________________ laws govern planetary motion Kepler’s First law - orbits of the planets are _______________________, not circular.

Galileo Galilei – 1st European to make observations of the universe by _________________________ Falling objects accelerate at a _________________ Jupiter has __________ moons ___________________ on Earth’s moon ________________________ not pure orbs of light; made of material like Earth The ________________________ ordered him to abandon his ___________________theory

Isaac Newton – The same force – _________________ – rules all matter on earth & in space. Every object in the universe ______________ every other the degree of attraction is determined by _______________________________________

Medicine – Study of human ____________________, had previously relied on _______________ dissections. first __________________ (against _____________) _____________________ showed that the ____________, not the liver, was the beginning point for the circulation of ________________________.

Chemistry – _________________ explaining relationship of volume, _________________, & pressure of gas; discovery of _________________ States that the volume of a ____________ varies with the _________________ exerted on it ______________________________ invented system for naming chemicals still used today

Descartes and Rationalism Wrote ____________________________ (1632) Emphasized importance of his own __________, accepting only those things that his reason said were ________________. “_____________________________” Descartes the father of ___________________– based on the belief that _______________ is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific Method Developed by an English philosopher ____________________________ _________________________ Reasoning Knowledge of the ________________ world should be achieved through observation and ___________________________

Lesson 2 - The Ideas of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an 18th century ____________________ movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with achievements of the _______________________. Reason, ______________, hope, _____________ Enlightenment would become a force for reform and ________________________

John Locke- Essay Concerning ____________ Understanding: everyone born with a _______________. People are molded by _________________________. Isaac Newton- Physical world was a “_________________________” operating according to natural laws that could be uncovered though ____________________ investigation.

The Role of Philosophy Intellectuals of the Enlightenment known as ________________________ = philosopher Most leaders of the Enlightenment were ________ The use of reason and a spirit of ___________________ were to be applied to everything, including religion and _________________

Voltaire – Believed in _______________, reason, & freedom of _________________, expression, & religious belief; fought against _____________ & superstition Known for his criticism of ______________________ _____________________ – 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

Montesquieu – Advocated _______________ of powers & checks & ________________ to keep any individual or group from gaining ______________________of government

Diderot - His father hoped he would pursue career in _________ or the ______________ – but no… Became a ______________ _____________________, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades ______________ Volumes Many of its articles attacked ______________________ and called for religious toleration

New Social Sciences Adam Smith – __________________________ laws that govern human society Individuals free to pursue their own economic __________________ _________________________ doctrine – “to let (people) do (what they want)” The _____________________(1776) The state should not interfere with economic matters

The Spread of Ideas Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Committed to _________________freedom Published ______________________ in 1762 viewed government as an ________________ among free individuals to create a society guided by the “_____________________” unlike other Enlightenment thinkers, believed that civilization _______________ people’s natural goodness & destroyed ___________ & ___________

Women’s Rights Mary Wollstonecraft - Believed that ________________, like men, need ______________ to become virtuous & useful argued for women’s rights to become ______________ & to participate in __________ A __________________ of the Rights of Women

Enlightenment and the Arts By the 1730s a new artistic style- ____________ Unlike __________________ Emphasized grace, _____________, and gentle action Highly ________________ Antoine ________________ famous for using this style

Music Franz Joseph Haydn – Broke from traditionally __________musical forms & developed the ______________ & symphony Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Child ____________ – wrote 1st opera at age _____ Set a new standard for elegance & originality with his varied & numerous musical compositions The ____________________________ The Magic Flute

Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of Power Chapter 8 Lesson 3 Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of Power

Enlightenment and Absolutism Enlightenment influenced European politics in the __________ century. Philosophes believed in ____________________ Equality before the ____________ Freedom of ________________________ Freedom of _________________ Freedom of ________________ Right to assemble, hold property & ________________ happiness

Enlightened Absolutism Rulers tried to govern by enlightened principles

PRUSSIA Frederick William I maintained an efficient bureaucracy with values of ________________. Concerned with the _______________. Frederick II AKA Frederick the Great Committed himself to the goal of ___________________ & strengthening his country; granted many ________________ freedoms, reduced ________________, improved education & the justice system, & abolished _______________; considered that the king should be “________________________________”

AUSTRIA Maria Theresa- worked to _______________ the state, was not open to calls for reform but did improve condition of ___________________. Joseph II – “I have made Philosophy the lawmaker of my empire”. Abolished ________________, initiated legal reforms, introduced freedom of the ____________, supported freedom of _______________________.

RUSSIA - Catherine the Great Peter the Great was followed by ________ weak successors. After Peter III was _________________, his German ___________ became ruler of all the Russians. Catherine tried to __________________ & reform Russia according to the writings of the philosophes; accomplished ___________________ reforms Under Catherine the Great, Russia expanded its _____________

All three enlightened absolutists – Frederick, Joseph and Catherine were guided by power and __________________ of the state. The philosophes condemned ____________ as a waste of life and resources. 18th century monarchs wanted to achieve a ____________________________

War of Austrian Succession – 1740-1748 1740 – War over succession of ____________ Throne Charles ________ of Austria dies w/ no male heir ____________________ succeeded him (A WOMAN!) ___________ refuses to recognize Empress of Austria King Frederick II of Prussia ________ Austrian Silesia Maria Theresa made alliance with _______________ Frederick II signed alliance treaty with ___________

War of Austrian Succession – 1748 - Treaty of ___________________________ – guaranteed the return of all _______________ territories Prussia Refused to give up __________________ Led to another _____________

The Seven Years War 1756-1763 Maria Theresa made alliance with France Alliance = Austria, France, & __________________ Frederick II signed treaty with _____________________ Alliance = Prussia & Britain 1756 – Frederick attacked ______________ (Austrian ally) and eventually every _________________was involved Three major areas of conflict: Europe, India, & N. America

War in North America - Results - French controls _________________ and Louisiana British controls __________ colonies British colonies more highly populated than the French colonies Results - War didn’t change _________________ borders France lost colonies in ____________________ Britain gained sole domination of _______________