Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Grammar Launch

Questions… Ask lots of them!! Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Questions… Ask lots of them!! They show courage They show interest Examples: “What did you mean when you said the word _________?” “One thing I still don’t understand is___?”

What is “Grammar”? Grammar = a way of thinking about language Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is “Grammar”? Grammar = a way of thinking about language

4 Levels of Analysis We will analyze sentences on four levels. Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses 4 Levels of Analysis We will analyze sentences on four levels. What are the four levels? They are: 1. Parts of Speech 2. Parts of Sentence 3. Phrases 4. Clauses

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses

Level 1: Parts of Speech What are the 8 parts of speech? Noun Verb Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Level 1: Parts of Speech What are the 8 parts of speech? Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Pronoun Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a noun? Noun Definition: a noun is the name of a person, place or thing. (this includes ideas)

(boats, flocks, kindnesses) Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Nouns (continued) Proper nouns Vs. Common Nouns (Mozart, Kennedy) (desk, epidermis) Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns (Rock, cards) (freedom, attitude) Singular nouns Plural nouns (boat, flock, kindness) (boats, flocks, kindnesses)

What is an Adjective? ADJECTIVE: Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an Adjective? ADJECTIVE: A word that modifies a noun or pronoun. Modify? To modify is to change. Think of a frozen summit. Now think of a political summit. The idea of summit is changed.

3 Degrees of Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative good better Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses 3 Degrees of Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative good better best hot hotter hottest cold colder coldest

Proper adjective are made out of proper nouns. Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Proper Adjectives Proper adjective are made out of proper nouns. England makes English. Rome makes Roman. Spain makes Spanish. Articles The articles are three adjectives: a, an, and the. Definite Article: the Indefinite Articles: a and an Possessive Pronouns We will mark these as adjectives: His, her, my, our, etc.

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an Adverb? An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Sanders swam slowly. Joe is too tall. We read well.

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a Preposition? A Preposition is a word that shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. Relationships of: Time Direction Space Before, during, after To, from, toward In, on, beside, around, over, under

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a verb? A verb is a word that shows action or links a subject to a subject complement. The verb tells what the noun does: I saw him. He ran away. I will find him. Or what the noun is: I am Mr. McCarthy. You are my students. This is our class.

Action Verbs and Linking Verbs Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Action Verbs and Linking Verbs Action Verbs (let’s mark them “AV”) Verbs that show action Linking Verbs (let’s mark them “LV”) Verbs that link subject to subject complements and/or create equations

What is a Pronoun? Pronoun = A word that takes the place of a noun. Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a Pronoun? Pronoun = A word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns refer. They refer to other nouns. They make language faster Example: Hamlet went to New York so that Hamlet could see the Opera. Becomes: Hamlet went to New York so that he could see the Opera.

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a conjunction? Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words Coordinating Conjunctions: join words of similar importance They are: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) Subordinating Conjunctions: join something of lesser importance to something of greater importance Some of them are: if, as, since, when, because (there are more)

What is an interjection? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an interjection? Interjection: a word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function Examples: oh, ugh, oof, wow, yes, no, oops Wow, this car is really nice. Oops, I put my muddy boots on your couch.

That’s all for Parts of Speech!

Recap: Quiz Questions What is a noun? What is adjective? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Recap: Quiz Questions What is a noun? What is adjective? What is an adverb? What is a preposition? What is a pronoun? What is a verb? What is a conjunction? What is an interjection?

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a sentence?

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a subject?

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a predicate?

What is a direct object? Parts of sentence Parts of speech Phrases Clauses What is a direct object?

Practice He hugged his shuddering body in both his arms. Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses Practice He hugged his shuddering body in both his arms. Part of speech Parts of sentence Pro AV adj adj n prep adj adj n Subj pred DO OP

What is an indirect object? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an indirect object?

What is a subject complement? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a subject complement?

What is an object of preposition? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an object of preposition? Definition: The noun or object pronoun that the preposition points to The answer to the question: “Under what?” “Behind what?” “With what?” etc. Examples: before dinner, under the table, with my friends, over the rainbow, through the years, for Sally, around the corner

How do I know I am finished with the Parts of Sentence section? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses How do I know I am finished with the Parts of Sentence section? Follow the recipe. When you’ve followed all the steps, you’re done.

3-Step Recipe Find the predicate(s) and label it(them). Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses 3-Step Recipe Find the predicate(s) and label it(them). Find the subject(s) and label it(them). Decide whether the verb(s) are action or linking, then make one of the following choices: IF “AV”: IF “LV”: Look for objects and label them. First find DO(s). If there is a DO, look for an IO Find the subject complement and label it. Change this to 4 steps next time… OPs

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a phrase Phrase A group of words without a subject/predicate set that acts like a single part of speech

What is a prepositional phrase? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a prepositional phrase? Prepositional Phrase A phrase that begins with a preposition and concludes with an object of the preposition

What is an appositive phrase? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an appositive phrase? Appositive Phrase An interrupting definition “WE INTERRUPT THIS SENTENCE TO BRING YOU A DEFINITION.” Examples: Botticelli, the renaissance painter, painted angels. Mr. Van Natten, one of the school’s vice principals, is a cool person. I just heard my favorite song, “The Humpty Dance”.

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a gerund phrase? A phrase formed with a gerund (a noun made from an -ing verb) Examples: Thinking deeply is fun. I quit smoking cigarettes. Constantly playing Halo 3 rots Mr. Plotts’ brain. Cycling is a brutal sport. NOTE: When gerunds appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level

What is a participial phrase? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is a participial phrase? A phrase formed with a participle (an adjective made out of a verb) and its object A participle is an -ing, -ed or –en verb made into an adjective. Examples: The river was so swollen. The chopped wood is best for fire. NOTE: When participles appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level

What is an infinitive phrase? Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses What is an infinitive phrase? A phrase formed with an infinitive (a noun or modifier made from the to- form of the verb) They can be adjectives: The book to read is Hamlet. Or the can be nouns. Here it is a direct object: Hamlet loves to read. NOTE: When infinitives appear by themselves, we will still label them in the phrase level

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses

Parts of speech Parts of sentence Phrases Clauses