HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6

HUMAN IMPACT Watch the Chapter 6 video

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES . . .THINGS THE PLANET DOES FOR US! ______________________ ________________________ Image from: https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/pswebcontent/thumbnails/illustrations/full/268_2897425.jpg

____________ SERVICES Recycle nutrients, purify water, form new soil, produce oxygen, clean pollution Image sources; See last slides

PROVIDE ______________ Light, food, fuel, medicines building materials, paper, soil Image from: https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/pswebcontent/thumbnails/illustrations/full/268_2897425.jpg

____________of Earth’s processes Absorb carbon, filter water, natural pest control, moderate climate, prevent erosion, flood control, water storage

Just plain AWESOMENESS For image sources: see last slide Homes for wildlife, recreation, inspiration

The ability of ecosystems to provide these services depends on BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OR ______________ = a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-n0w52j5uDg8/UMRKPbDGu0I/AAAAAAAAAMM/V0D-OTnHMlY/s1600/snowbird_Flinders_Ranges.jpg http://www.apethana.com/gallery/data/media/4/Lianas%20in%20Interior%20of%20Lowland%20Rainforest,%20La%20Selva%20Biological%20Station,%20Costa%20Rica.jpg

BIODIVERSITY makes ecosystems more _______ Ecosystems with _____ biodiversity are better able to resist ____________ such as species loss, pollution, invasive species, urban development, climate change, etc. http://lonokeassembly.publishpath.com/Websites/lonokeassembly/images/JengaCutOut.jpgpg

VOCAB Species that has died out = ______________ http://www.southeastutah.org/photos/dino.jpg Species that has died out = ______________ Species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues = _____________ Species that is at risk of becoming endangered in the near future = ____________ http://www.blackfootedferret.org/ http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/bald-eagle.gif

The Tragedy of the Commons http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZFkUeleHPY When a resource (like the environment) is shared, everyone can use it but NO ONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING IT. Each person just uses “a little”, but it often results in the destruction of the “commons”.

A ____________ is anything an organism needs for life http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER A ____________ is anything an organism needs for life NATURAL RESOURCES = LAND AIR WATER FORESTS http://www.lenntech.com/images/discharge.gif http://coweeta.ecology.uga.edu/coweeta_photographs/erosion.htm

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES can _______________________ by natural processes http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_full/international/photosvideos/photos/illegal-deforestation-and-land.jpg http://www.npr.org/news/images/2005/aug/16/pumping_gas200.jpg

________________ RESOURCES can be replenished Living can ____________ Non living replaced by _____________________ http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif http://www.sfu.ca/aq/archives/Nov2007/features/fish_story.html http://www.navitron.org.uk/wind/600kw.JPG

Fresh water RENEWABLE does NOT mean UNLIMITED! Ex: ___________ is a resource that is _________________________ Drought or overuse makes water in short supply Fresh water http://earth.ooups.com/uk/images/100/tapwater.jpg http://www.wrightwoodcalif.com/watershort/ConserveWater.JPG

FRESH WATER RESOURCES Wetlands remove ________ and ______ the water passing through. http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/aquatic/importance.html

FRESH WATER RESOURCES Humans are using up fresh water faster than the water cycle can replace it! http://www.mos.org/oceans/graphics/planet/watercycle.jpg

HOW HUMANS HARM BIODIVERSITY DIRECT IMPACT ______________________ ______________________ INDIRECT IMPACT due to habitat destruction _____________________ ________________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________ Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

HUNTING AND GATHERING Throughout human history, people have ________ and _______ in rivers, and _________ wild seeds, fruits, and nuts. We are still doing this today in many places. hunted fished gathered http://www.amonsoquath.net/gallery/pages/chee.html http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html

WHEN IT BECOMES A PROBLEM? ____________ __________ http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8302763 http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg

endangerment Since the 1900’s over-hunting has led to a severe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling#Conservation_status Since the 1900’s over-hunting has led to a severe _________of whale populations, and to _____________ of many whale species. endangerment The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) reports that 87% of the world’s fish  stocks are classified as overexploited or fully exploited. http://camillecooksforyou.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/DSC_07001-1024x680.jpg

North American Buffalo ___________ in America once numbered 30 - 60 million, ranging from Virginia to Alaska. By 1884, the buffalo was close to extinction due to __________. Pile of bison skulls, 1870’s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

WHY POACH? Many endangered big game animals today are threatened by__________________ http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/EARTH/9710/02/kenya.ivory.ap/

WHY POACH? Fur Tusks/horns Tourist souveniers Medicine ? Artwork http://studentweb.cortland.edu/giambalvo73/poaching.jpg Fur Tusks/horns Tourist souveniers Medicine ? Artwork http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2009/20090716_rhinopoaching.jpg http://www.sciencebuzz.org/sites/default/files/images/ivory.jpgh ttp://www.peterpalms.com/fox/pictures/silverfoxcoat.jpg http://d-vers.com/images/medium/PMTung/Chinese-Ivory-Carved-Hippo-Tusk-Family-Of-Rhinos/Chinese-Carved-Ivory-Hippo-Tusk-Family-Of-Rhinocerous.jpg

EXAMPLE: Rhinos All five rhino species are ____________ Just a few decades ago, the world’s rhino population exceeded 100,000, but today there are less than 11,000 due to _____________ and _____________. _______________ are in demand in many countries where they can bring over $60,000/lb. ~ ground into medicine (China) ~ carved into ceremonial dagger handles (Yemen) http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2003/6/Sidebar_Forensics.cfm

HOW DO WE HELP? Preserves/Sanctuaries Captive breeding programs Laws/regulations Support “GREEN” organizations

PRESERVES/SANCTUARIES Preserving habitat Establishing protected areas Game ranger patrols to prevent poaching Education http://asiancorrespondent.com/74455/sumatran-elephants-could-be-extinct-in-30-years/

How do we help? ___________________ Animals are raised and protected in zoos until population is stable, then returned to wild http://www.blackfootedferret.org/

HOW DO WE HELP? CAPTIVE BREEDING: Conservation efforts, private ownership, and reintroduction of buffalo have allowed the population to recover Today-total bison population in North America is estimated at 500,000 About 85 percent of these animals are privately owned. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

LAWS/REGULATIONS International Whaling Commission has placed a moratorium on whaling for certain species Only works if nations voluntarily comply http://www.cdnn.info/eco/whaling_250146.jpg

LAWS & REGULATIONS trade The________________________________________________________ (CITES) bans international ______ in products from endangered species. trade http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~sjberg/CITES.htm

WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP? Support “Green” organizations that work for laws to establish quotas and protect species. POWER OF ONE VIDEO http://www.nwf.org/ http://www.maksimum.com/haberler/h/greenpeacee_cevre_cezasi.php http://www.sierraclub.org/ http://www.brookingshumane.org/ http://www.sierraclub.org/ http://www.ducks.org/states/62/index.html

Scientists estimate there are 10-30 million Image from: http://members.graphicsfactory.com/clip-art/image_files/tn_image/2/1313572-tn_TombStone001_92007.jpg Scientists estimate there are 10-30 million plant and animal species on the planet Most of these are unidentified. Some scientists estimate at the rate we are going ___ of the plants and animals will be committed to extinction by 2050 http://www.igreens.org.uk/extinctions_predicted_from_globa.html

International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) RED LIST = world's main authority on the conservation status of species 22,214 threatened species worldwide In 2012 3079 animals and 2655 plants classified as Endangered worldwide Compared with 1102 animals and 1197 plants in 1998 AND NUMBERS ARE INCREASING!

It is believed that some 10,000 species have http://www.whole-systems.org/Resources/Image10. It is believed that some 10,000 species have gone extinct in just the past 100 years At current rate estimates predict between 200-2000 extinctions per year. List of every extinct animal in last 100 years

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH and URBAN DEVELOPMENT The impact of humans on the biosphere was transformed by the _____________________ during the 1800’s. http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-015.jpg

Industrial productivity and scientific advancements have provided us with the __________________ we enjoy today . . . but have had a serious impact on ecosystems modern conveniences http://www.danielwiener.com/daniel/tips/archives/humvee_2.jpg http://www.scriptfx.com/gallery/computer/laptop.jpg http://www.wii-volution.com/images/wii/gamecube.jpg http://www.nbz.ru/pic/catalog/ipod/ipod_color.gif

Loss of forests = ____________ FOREST RESOURCES Loss of forests = ____________ can result in erosion and loss of nutrients preventing regrowth http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_full/international/photosvideos/photos/illegal-deforestation-and-land.jpg

http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1384632.htm DEFORESTATION Changes in Brazilian rainforest over 30 years The tropical rainforests once covered more than 14% of the earth's total land surface, but now cover less than 6%.

Tropical rainforests are disappearing at a rate of about 80 acres per minute. Nearly half of the world's species of plants, animals and microorganisms will be destroyed or severely threatened over the next quarter century due to rainforest deforestation http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_maps_description.cfm?ImageID=1553

HOW DO WE HELP? Sustainable development: Stop clear cutting of forests/jungles Selective harvest of mature trees Replanting of logged areas Tree farms Breeding new, faster growing species

BIODIVERSITY THREAT habitat destruction Development of natural areas for cities or agriculture results in ____________________ habitat destruction http://www.simtropolis.com/idealbb/files/SG_ShoppingCenter.JPG

BIODIVERSITY THREAT Splitting a habitat into smaller disconnected pieces = _____________________ It results in small “islands” of natural area isolated from each other by crop land, pasture, pavement, or even barren land. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation

BIODIVERSITY THREAT Habitat fragmentation brings wildlife in more frequent contact with humans. When it comes down to “us or them” . . . “they” usually lose. http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/peterrabbit.html

BIODIVERSITY THREAT One of most important threats to biodiversity come from apparently harmless plants or animals that humans transport into new habitats =____________________ New habitats don’t have ____________ and parasites that control the population so invasive species populations ___________ rapidly when they move into a new area.

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/images/australiamap.gif 24 rabbits turned loose for hunting in 1859 in Australia, reproduced at such a rapid rate they have taken over the continent. Within 10 years they had multiplied so rapidly, 2 million rabbits a year could be shot or trapped without any noticeable effect on population. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wild_rabbit.jpg

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rabbit-erosion.jpg They are believed to be responsible for the ___________ of 1/8 of the mammal species, unknown numbers of plant species, as well as serious _____________ problems. It is still a major problem and rabbit diseases have been purposely introduced to try to control the population. http://www.csiro.au/communication/rabbits/qa1.htm

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES _________________ are native to the Caspian Sea region of Asia. They are believed to have been transported to the Great Lakes in the ballast water from a ship. They were first discovered in 1988, and have since spread rapidly to all of the Great Lakes and waterways in many states including _______________________ and into Canada. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY ZEBRA MUSSELS Clog power plant and public water intakes and pipes, costing taxpayers millions of dollars · Damage boat engines · Blanket shorelines with their sharp shells and foul smell · Consume available food for native species and smother native mussels · Threaten water-based recreational activities http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ctoavsimages/newfrontpgpic2.jpg __________________ is native to Europe and Asia and first appeared in Massachusetts in 1827. Across _____________ and much of the Great Plains, leafy spurge is one of the most threatening invasive plants, ____________ out native grassland and damaging ___________________.

EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/map/eues1.htm 302,000 acres in South Dakota are infested with LEAFY SPURGE. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, leafy spurge infestations in the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming alone cost agricultural producers and taxpayers at least $144 million annually in production losses, control expenses and other impacts to the economy .

BIODIVERSITY THREAT ___________ = any harmful material that can enter the biosphere through land, air, or water ________ = Mixture of chemicals that appear as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere http://www.cyberolimpiadas.com.sv/proyectos2004/gamma/proyecto3/smog.jpg

AIR RESOURCES Burning __________ releases pollutants that cause smog and other problems in atmosphere. Toxic chemicals like nitrates, sulfates, and particulates can cause ________________ like ___________ http://www.cyberolimpiadas.com.sv/proyectos2004/gamma/proyecto3/smog.jpg

HOW DO WE HELP ? Smokestack “Scrubbers” can control emissions Auto emission standards Clean air regulations Reduce use of fossil fuels http://www.alexvisani.com/darkgallery/smog.jpg

THE BIG QUESTION ? Human activities affect ________________ like land, forests, air, fresh water. How can we provide for our needs without using up all resources? _____________________________ ~ Use natural resources without using them up ~ Provide for human needs WITHOUT causing long term environmental harm

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY Wise management of natural resources = __________________ Protecting endangered species requires detailed information about ecological _________________ We can’t protect a species without understanding how it ____________ with the _________________.

CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY Today conservation efforts focus on protecting entire ecosystems not just individual species ______________ = are places that are MOST endangered Image from: Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall© 2006

WHAT CAN BE DONE? Urban planning so there is less “ Sprawl” Set aside land for parks/preserves Research to understand species/ecosystem interactions Concentration of $ on “HOT SPOTS” to maximize results for $ spent http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/piplosign6403.jpg