J. Koji Lum, Rebecca L. Cann, Jeremy J. Martinson, Lynn B. Jorde

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Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genetic Relationships among Pacific Island and Asian Populations J. Koji Lum, Rebecca L. Cann, Jeremy J. Martinson, Lynn B. Jorde The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 63, Issue 2, Pages 613-624 (August 1998) DOI: 10.1086/301949 Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Map showing boundaries of Micronesia (dotted line), Melanesia (solid line), and Polynesia (dashed line) and locations of the populations examined. Remote Oceania consists of Micronesia, Polynesia, and eastern Melanesia, delineated with a dashed line. The circle around Kapingamarangi (3) signifies that this Polynesian atoll is geographically within Micronesia. The populations are numbered in ascending order of mtDNA genetic diversities (see table 1): 1 = Hawaii; 2 = Rapanui; 3 = Kapingamarangi; 4 = Southwest Palau; 5 = Marshalls; 6 = Moken; 7 = Marianas; 8 = Urak Lawoi; 9 = Samoa; 10 = Outer Island Yap; 11 = Nauru; 12 = Yap; 13 = Kosrae; 14 = Pohnpei; 15 = Thailand; 16 = Vanuatu; 17 = Palau; 18 = Borneo; 19 = Philippines; 20 = Fiji; 21 = Korea; 22 = Kiribati; 23 = Japan; 24 = Vietnam; 25 = Java; 26 = Papua New Guinea; 27 = China; and 28 = Australia. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 63, 613-624DOI: (10.1086/301949) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Qualitative linguistic relationships among the 21 Austronesian-speaking populations. The Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family (“a”) contains the eight Micronesian and the six Polynesian and Melanesian populations examined as potential spheres of interaction. The geographic region of each population is shown in parentheses. Mic = Micronesia; Pol = Polynesia; Mel = Melanesia; IO = Indian Ocean; and ISEA = island Southeast Asia (see table 1). Quantified linguistic distances between populations were estimated by assigning relative lengths to this tree. For example, the linguistic distance between the Marianas and any other population is estimated to be 10 units, and the linguistic distance between Vanuatu and any other Oceanic Austronesian-speaking population is estimated to be 6 units. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 63, 613-624DOI: (10.1086/301949) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 PC map based on mtDNA genetic distances. The first (X-axis) and second (Y-axis) eigenvectors summarize 63% and 9% of the genetic variance, respectively. OI Yap = Outer Island Yap; and SW Palau = Southwest Palau. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 63, 613-624DOI: (10.1086/301949) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 PC map based on STR genetic distances. The first (X-axis) and second (Y-axis) eigenvectors summarize 31% and 23% of the genetic variance, respectively. OI Yap = Outer Island Yap; and SW Palau = Southwest Palau. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 63, 613-624DOI: (10.1086/301949) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions