2nd Period: Pick your seats. Must be in the first three rows 2nd Period: Pick your seats. Must be in the first three rows. Any issues and I’m moving you.

Front of Room

Front of Room

Front of Room

6th Period: Pick your seats 6th Period: Pick your seats. Sit by people you wouldn’t mind working in groups with. Any issues and I’m moving you.

Front of Room

September 5, 2017 Correct These Sentences Body language is non-verbal everyone uses it to communicate. Tom enjoys playing hockey, he plays it as much as he can. Many people believe that violence on television has a negative effect on our youth, however, this topic continues to be debated. Increased pollution in the environment threatens the health of millions this is an indisputable fact.

4 3 2 1 Organization Sentence Fluency Conventions Content Length   4 3 2 1 Organization Summary is structured in a logical order, with no errors in organization. Summary is generally structured in a logical order, with 1-2 errors. Summary is generally structured in a logical order, with 3-4 errors in organization. Summary is not structured in a logical order. Sentence Fluency Sentences vary in length and style. Summary contains no sentence fragments or run-ons. Sentences vary in length and style. Summary contains 1 sentence fragment or run-on. Sentences do not vary in length or style. Summary contains 2 sentence fragments or run-ons. Sentences do not vary in length or style. Summary contains more than 3 fragments or run-ons. Conventions Summary has 1-5 grammatical/spelling/punctuation errors, which do not detract from its overall meaning. Summary has 6-10 grammatical/spelling/punctuation errors, which do not detract from its overall meaning. Summary has 11-15 grammatical/spelling/punctuation errors, which detract from its overall meaning. Summary has 16-20 grammatical/spelling/punctuation errors, which detract from its overall meaning. Content Summary includes all major plot points. Summary lacks 1-2 major plot points. Summary lacks 3-4 major plot points. Summary lacks more than 4 major plot points. Length Summary is at least 10 sentences in length. Summary is 9 sentences in length. Summary is 8 sentences in length. Summary is less than 8 sentences in length.

Arthurian Legend

In Ancient Times… 33 AD: crucifixion of Christ Apostle Paul spread the gospel Christianity grew despite persecution Germanic tribes invade Roman Empire

The Middle Ages (about 500-1500 AD) 476: Odoacer (German) replaces last Roman emperor Fall of Rome Beginning of Middle Ages/Medieval Times: a middle period bridging ancient and modern history 3 Main Influences on the Middle Ages Old Roman government and culture New German influences Christian church Protect helpless Supervise police and army Coin money/collect taxes Preserve ancient Roman/Greek culture Punish heretics Heresy Inquisition

The Rise of Feudalism (800-1200 AD) 771: Charlemagne (Charles the Great) took the throne Succeeded by weak kings who divided the kingdom Rome invaded by Vikings, Slavs, and Moors Weak central government -> feudalism Feudal Society Fixed classes: nobility, clergy, peasants King owned all land and made grants of land called fiefs to his supporters Large areas kept as royal forests

Becoming a Knight A noble’s son is taken at age 7 to serve in another noble’s home. Page: learns about court etiquette Squire: trains in warfare “knight of the bath” “knight of the sword”

The Crusades 11th century: Turks invaded the Holy Land Pope Urban II urged knights to defend the land for Christians -> Crusaders First, Second, Third, and Fourth Crusades all failed 1192: Richard the Lionheart secured visitation rights for Christians

The Beginning of Modern Lifestyles As trade increased, lords began to hold trade fairs. Money replaced the barter system Upper middle class (bourgeoisie) developed Rise from peasantry by profiting from a skill Opportunities in towns Wealth Freedom Improved social status Problems in towns Overcrowding Fire Health hazards

1348-1349: Black Death (Bubonic Plague) killed over half of Europe Late Middle Ages Universities formed Latin replaced by popular languages Epics/morality plays written Stained glass/Gothic architecture

Legend A traditional historical tale or collection of related tales popularly regarded as true, but usually contain a mixture of fact and fiction Not to be confused with a myth (a traditional, typically ancient story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serves as a fundamental type in the worldview of a people)

Did He Exist? Historical Arthur Fictional Arthur Celtic/Anglo-Saxon Welsh chieftain Warrior in the histories of 500- 1100 May have really existed—not a king Fictional Arthur Anglo-Norman Could just be a combination of great leaders Normans add chivalry, romance, quest, love, etc. Norman romances focus more on knights

True History Most scholars believe that a king named Arthur did defeat the Saxons in the 5th or 6th century. There are ruins of a castle in Cornwall that many believe to belong to Arthur. Not much else is known; accounts of Arthur seem to be mysteriously missing from all Anglo-Saxon chronicles and other such history books.

Arthurian Literary Tradition Nennius 9th century Welsh monk 1st reference to an Arthur—”the greatest of all the Celts” An important hero to the declining Celtic community Geoffrey of Monmouth 12th century Added Merlin to the Arthurian legend Tales mostly focused on Arthur with little mention of his other knights Chretien de Troyes 12th century, French Introduced Lancelot and the Arthur/Guinevere/Lancelot love triangle

Arthurian Literary Tradition (cont.) Sir Thomas Malory 15th century, English Compiled the various tales into one work: Le Morte d’Arthur Alfred, Lord Tennyson 19th century, English Composed many works on the Arthurian tradition The Lady of Shalott The Death of Arthur Idylls of the King Father of the Arthurian Renaissance in Victorian England

Arthurian Literary Tradition (cont.) T.H. White 20th century, English Wrote The Sword in the Stone and The Once and Future King Based heavily on Malory’s work

A Country Religiously Divided Arthur was a member of the Old Celtic religion. However, a new religion, Christianity, was beginning. Guinevere, Arthur’s wife, was a member of this religion. Arthur and Guinevere were having trouble conceiving. Guinevere believed this was because God was punishing Arthur for believing in pagan gods and encouraging his people to do so as well. To try to remedy the problem of an heir and heal the country, which had once again grown restless, Arthur established the Crusades.

Arthur and the Crusades Because the Celtic religion is based upon tangible items and nature, Arthur needed artifacts to convince his country to convert to Christianity. With the help of Merlin, Arthur decided to send his knights on a quest for religious artifacts, more commonly known as the Crusades. The body of Joseph of Arimithea The Spear of Destiny The Holy Grail King Solomon’s Temple Byzantine Crown of Thorns Holyrood (the cross on which Jesus died)

Key Objects: The Holy Grail Cup that Jesus drank out of at the Last Supper Joseph of Arimithea brought grail to England Grail represents unanswered philosophical/cosmological questions Only artifact not recovered—explains its continued popularity

Key Objects: The Round Table When Arthur assumed power, England was torn apart by war, fractioned into city-states, and on the brink of invasion by the Saxons. To unite the country and defeat the Saxons, Arthur created the Knights of the Round Table. This was a revolutionary idea. Each city-state was represented by a knight. No one knight, including King Arthur himself, has more power than another. Arthur created a democratic society. Because of this alliance, Arthur and his knights defeated the powerful Saxons in a series of 12 battles.

Key Objects: Excalibur Magical sword Two origin stories Stone, placed by Merlin Lady of the Lake Excalibur is said to make its bearer invincible.

Key Themes/Archetypes Love Triangle Arthur/Guinevere/Lancelot Traitor/Judas Figure Mordred Messianic Return The Once and Future King

Key Characters Uther Pendragon: Arthur’s biological father Igraine: Arthur’s biological mother Merlin: Arthur’s counselor, prophet, and wizard Morgan le Fay: Arthur’s sister; magical Mordred: Arthur’s nephew (or in some versions, his illegitimate son)’ kidnaps Guinevere and rebels; killed by Lancelot Gawain: Arthur’s nephew; knight of the Round Table Guinevere: Arthur’s queen; has affair with Lancelot Lancelot: Arthur’s chief knight; the perfect knight but has affair with Guinevere

Key Places Camelot: King Arthur’s kingdom Isle of Avalon: island to which Arthur is sent to recover from the last battle

The Fall of Camelot Metaphorically, the country already had fallen with the betrayal of Arthur’s only love and best friend. There are many versions of this story, all of which end with Arthur’s death in battle.

Famous Stories of Camelot Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Percival (A Grail Knight) Tristan and Isolde The White Stag The Lady of the Lake