The War and American Life Chapter 10 Section 3 The War and American Life

The War and American Life Introduction A. As the war dragged on problems plagued both sides 1. Social 2. Economic

II. Opposition to the War Northerners opposed war for many reasons 1. Some thought South had right to secede 2. Not worth loss of life and property 3. Most opponents were from Democratic Party Democrats divided in two wings 1. War Democrats 2. Peace Democrats

II. Opposition to the War Northerners who wanted peace with South called Copperheads 1. Gave speeches 2. Wrote articles 3. Tried to get soldiers to desert 4. Smuggled guns to South

II. Opposition to the War Opponents to the War were difficult problem for Lincoln 1. Did not want Copperheads hurting war effort 2. Lincoln expanded wartime powers 3. Had 13,000 opponents of the war arrested a. No due process b. Violated Fifth Amendment

II. Opposition to the War Opponents to the war were difficult problem for Lincoln 4. Government shut down more than 300 newspapers a. Censorship b. Violated First Amendment c. Lincoln claimed newspapers were violating military law

III. Raising the Armies At beginning of war both sides relied on volunteers 1. North gave soldiers a bounty 2. Bounty system expensive and abused Both passed conscription laws 1. Draft 2. South passed in 1862 a. Planters with more than 20 slaves exempt b. “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” 3. North in 1863 a. Exempt for $300 or find substitute

III. Raising the Armies Draft Riots 1. Opposition to draft led to violence 2. Some Northerners resented fighting for freedom of blacks a. Worst draft riot in New York in 1863 b. 100 dead, 1000 casualties c. $1.5 million in damage d. 20,000 federal troops restored order

III. Raising the Armies Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 1. Northerners called Yankees 2. Southerners called Rebels 3. Soldiers called Billy Yanks and Johnny Rebs 4. Soldiers came from every walk of life a. Farmers b. Craftworkers c. Laborers d. Office workers, professionals

III. Raising the Armies Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 5. Most soldiers under age of 21 6. As war went on, age limits expanded a. drafted men 17-50 7. Many soldiers were immigrants from Europe a. ¼ of Union, 1/10 Confederates b. Many immigrants became soldiers upon arrival

Foreign Soldiers in Civil War Numbers of foreign born soldiers German c. 200,000 Irish c. 150,000 British c. 150,000 Canadians c. 50,000 others c. 75,000 (mostly European)

III. Raising the Armies Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 8. Few soldiers had experience 9. Desertion common 10. Camp life difficult a. Sanitation b. Food c. Clothing d. Pass the time between battles

Soldiers Rations Union Daily Civil War Rations 12 oz. pork or bacon or 1lb. fresh or salt beef 1 lb. 6 oz. soft bread or flour or 1 lb hardtack or 1 lb. 4 oz. cornmeal For every 100 men: 15 lb. beans or peas 10 lb. rice or hominy 10 lb. green coffee or 8 lb. roasted coffee 1 lb. 8oz tea 15 lb. sugar 4 quarts vinegar 1 quart molasses

IV. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln ready to announce emancipation by summer of 1862 Confederacy needed slave labor for war 1. Many slaves might leave Confederacy Rally Support for war in the North 1. Many starting to question war 2. Give North a moral reason for war

IV. Emancipation Proclamation Issued Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 1. South must rejoin Union by Jan. 1, 1863 2. If not, slaves in states still in rebellion would be free 3. Did not apply to border states Public opinion in Europe swung strongly to the Union 1. No chance now that Britain or France would help Confederacy

V. African Americans in the Union Army When war began, many blacks wanted to serve in army 1. Government would not let them 2. Lincoln feared reaction of border states Abolitionists urged Union to use black soldiers 1. “fighting with one hand behind our back” 2. Some argued blacks had most to fight for

C. African Americans in Union Army Lincoln changed his mind after Emancipation proclamation 185,000 blacks served in Union army a. 100,000 of them former slaves b. 40,000 died 29,000 blacks served in Navy 20 blacks received Congressional Medal of Honor

C. African Americans in Union Army Faced discrimination a. Most people thought blacks incapable b. Segregated units commanded by whites c. Paid less than whites at first d. Not trusted on front lines Congress equalized pay for blacks in 1864 a. Back pay also 75 officers Confederacy passed law that said black Union soldiers and white commanders killed if caught

D. Regiments of Distinction 54th Massachusetts a. Best known black regiment b. Free African-Americans c. Frederick Douglass’ two sons d. Colonel Robert Shaw Commanded e. Attacked Fort Wagner, SC f. Over half killed

William H. Carney Born into slavery Joined 54th Massachusetts. On July 18, 1863, Sergeant William H. Carney retrieved the colors when the color bearer was killed. He took the colors and despite being wounded three times in the hip, chest and head he took them back to the Union lines. For this he was the first black man awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor

D. Regiments of Distinction First South Carolina Volunteers a. Escaped slaves b. Helped win South Carolina for Union

VI. Women During the War At Home 1. Did work after men left for war a. Operating farms and plantations b. Making uniforms and weapons c. Worked in government offices d. Ran businesses

VI. Women During the War On the Battlefield 1. Nurses a. Dorthea Dix b. Clara Barton c. Sojourner Truth 2. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell trained nurses 3. Some worked as spies a. Belle Boyd b. Pauline Cushman pretended to be actress c. Elizabeth Bowser and Harriet Tubman

VII. Hispanics in the Civil War Approximately 10,000 Hispanics fought in war Fought in all Hispanic regiments and side by side whites 1. All Californio Union regiment led by Salvador Vallejo

VII. Hispanics in the Civil War David Farragut 1. Union ship commander 2. Captured New Orleans in 1862 3. First four-star Admiral in nation

VII. Hispanics in the Civil War Manuel Chavez led 490 New Mexicans on attack of Confederate spy train E. Federico Cavada did airborne reconnaissance

USA Balloon Corp Balloons were used for surveillance and reconnaissance during the Civil War for both sides, the Union side invested heavily in their development. The initiative for creating the US Army Balloon Corps, under the Bureau of Topographical Engineers, came from one Thaddeus Lowe who championed their development in 1861 to President Lincoln who committed to the project because he recognized the strategic advantage they gave his armies. In 1863 the Balloon Corps was disbanded.