Sino-Islamic Architecture Sino-Architecture buildings buildings buildings buildings Sino-Islamic Architecture

Sino-Architecture 2 type of Sino Islamic arch. From Near East Adapted to Traditional Chinese architecture and to Islamic belief and ritual requirement. Islam 1st introduce thru port-cities Guangzhou (canton) and Quanzhou Later thru central Asia.

Sino-Architecture Culture: Abi Waqas (maternal uncle of Rasul s.a.w.) was the 1st Arab reach china 632. He built mesjid at Guangzhou and the other Sahabi did at Quanzhou. Residents Muslim adapted to Chinese while continuing Islamic religious practice. Mosques of Chinese type have indigenously integrated Near Eastern Islamic influences with local architectural traditions.

Sino-Architecture Yuan Dynasty-Islam was main religion. (1280-1368) Own Jiao-fang (Muslim community with different sects) with own mosque. It was first built in 996 during the Liao Dynasty (916-1125). The local Muslim community was forbidden from constructing the mosque in a style other than traditional Chinese architecture

Sino-Architecture Evolution of Islamic Architecture. ُEmergent period(7-10century) Architectural vacuum (temporary structure) Attempt at integration(11-14 century) Functional requirement Cultural expression Building techniques. Western region + local arch Physical characters Turning of axis with gateways Minarets Recess for mihrab

1.Great Mosque of Guangzhou Mosque of Guangzhou/Huaisheng Mosque wooden structure encased in brick 627 The Great Mosque of Guangzhou, known also as Huaisheng Mosque (Memorial of the Holy Prophet) or the Guangta Mosque (Light Tower Mosque), The earliest surviving mosque in China and has the earliest freestanding minaret in China. The mosque was built by an uncle of the Prophet, Abi Waqqas, on the first Muslim mission to China in the 630s. The Great Mosque of Guangzhou is notable for its integration of the local Han building tradition with imported Arab styles. Guangzhou, China complex covers an area of about 3,000 square meters

The mosque complex stretches along the north-south axis, in the Chinese fashion. From the main gate, a narrow courtyard enclosed with high brick walls passes by the old light tower to its left and leads to an inner gateway. This monumental gateway is styled after a bangke tower, consisting of a wooden structure encased in brick. the mosque complex consists of a U-shaped corridor enclosing a courtyard with a large Bangke tower to the north, followed by the prayer hall. The streetscape is marked by the mosque's most famous feature, the old minaret or light tower, which flanks the main gate behind the street wall. Completion date between 650 and 700 for the minaret. Until recently, the Light Tower minaret was the tallest structure in Guangzhou and served as a main landmark in the city The complex also includes quarters for the imam, a tablet pavilion for the storage of scripture, and an ablution area, all composed in the open pagoda style with traditionally sculpted and tiled roofs complimenting the roofs of the prayer hall and of the secondary gateway.

Style: Qing Dynasty Lighthouse minaret does not follow typical Chinese style, and is by default more Western in design (notable for its integration of the local Han building tradition with imported Arab style) Construction The mosque complex covers an area of about 3,000 square meters and stretches along the north-south axis, in the Chinese fashion. Entered from a red-brick gate with a green awning on Guangta Road to the south. The mosque complex consists of a U-shaped corridor enclosing a courtyard with a large Bangke tower to the north, followed by the prayer hall. The streetscape is marked by the mosque's most famous feature, the old minaret or light tower, which flanks the main gate behind the street wall.

In text Questions (7.1) the mosque was built by an uncle of the Prophet, Abi Waqqas, on the first Muslim mission to China in the 630s 700s 730s This monumental gateway consisting of: Brick structure encased in wood. Concrete structure encased in wood wooden structure encased in brick The streetscape is marked by the mosque's most famous feature: Gate way minaret or light tower The mosque complex The mosque complex stretch along: North South axis West east axis North west axis

occupies a site of over 6000 m² 2.Niu Jie Mosque Niu Jie Mosque Niu Jie Mosque built out of timber 995 Beijing occupies a site of over 6000 m² Built in 995, the Niu Jie Mosque is Beijing's largest and oldest mosque and the spiritual center for the city's estimated 200,000 Muslims. The mosque was constructed by two Arabs. Throughout the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods (13th-19th C) It was first built in 996 during the Liao Dynasty (916-1125). The local Muslim community was forbidden from constructing the mosque in a style other than traditional Chinese architecture, with the exception that the use of Arabic calligraphy was allowed. It was rebuilt in 1442 in the Ming Dynasty and expanded in 1696 under the Qing Dynasty. It is now one of the major mosques in north China. The exteriors are designed in classic Chinese style, looking very much like Buddhist temples, but the interiors are more traditionally Arab. And of course, there are no idols to be seen. Both Chinese and Arabic inscriptions adorn the buildings.

The complex includes several buildings: the prayer hall, the Bangge Lou (minaret), a six-cornered moon observatory tower, and two pavilions with stone steles. A small courtyard on the south side contains the graves of two Persian imams who preached here in the 13th century. Nearby is a copper cauldron, used to prepare food for devotees. Tower that is unique to Islamic temples, the Niujie Mosque presents an aesthetic blend of architecture, reflecting both ancient Chinese palaces and Arabian mosques. From the outside, its architecture shows traditional Chinese influence while the inside has mostly Islamic decorations

In text Questions (7.2) the mosque was built by: Brick Timber Concrete The _______ are designed in classic Chinese style, and the _______ are more traditionally Arab Interior , exterior Exterior , interior Exterior , exterior The Niujie Mosque presents an aesthetic blend of architecture, reflecting both : Arabic palaces and Persian mosques. Ancient Chinese palaces and Arabian mosques. Central Asia and Chinese mosques

Niu Jie Mosque 3.Great Mosque of Xi'an Brick, wooden structure & blue glazed tiles 700s AD Hua Jue Lane,Xian –Shaanxi Province 48 meters by 248 meters The Great Mosque of Xi'an is a tranquil and historic mosque that has served Xi'an's Muslim community for more than a millennium. The largest and best preserved of the ancient mosques of China, its buildings are a fascinating fusion of Chinese and Arabian styles. Tradition says the Great Mosque was founded by the naval admiral Cheng Ho. The Great Mosque of Xi'an is laid out like a traditional Chinese temple but the buildings' Islamic function becomes clear on closer inspection, with the usual figurative decoration mostly replaced by Arabic and Chinese calligraphy. The complex is aligned on an east-west axis, facing Mecca. The mosque has five courtyards in all, leading to a prayer hall (off-limits to non-Muslims) at the western end of the site. Each courtyard has a monumental pavilion or gate.

A Chinese pavilion instead of a minaret at the Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's largest mosques Entrance to the prayer hall

The third courtyard, called Qing Xiu Dian ("Place of Meditation") is home to the tallest tower in the complex, as the Xing Xin Ting ("Pavilion for Introspection") or Sheng Xin Lou ("Tower of the Visiting Heart"). Rising over ten meters tall, the octagonal brick tower consists of three stories separated by eaves and enveloped in wooden balconies. Unlike earlier mosques, this tower combines two functions into one: the moon watching pavilion (or bangke tower) and the minaret. It is designed in traditional Chinese style: The exterior is decorated with blue glazed tiles and dragon heads. Inside, the carved ceiling is brightly painted with lotus flowers. In the fourth courtyard, in front of the prayer hall, is the Feng Hua Ting or Phoenix Pavilion. Dating from the Qing Dynasty, it is named for its resemblance to a phoenix with its outstretched wings. The Chinese-style roofline conceals an Islamic-style wooden cupola that covers the central space. Lecture halls flank the courtyard.

The prayer hall, which is the focus of this and all mosque complexes, occupies 1,270 square meters. It is divided into three sections: a porch, great hall, and projecting qibla bay (iwan), each with a separate roof. The prayer hall is beautifully decorated with bas-relief woodwork and Quranic inscriptions. Behind the prayer hall, accessed through two round moon gates, is the fifth courtyard. Here there are two small man-made hills used for the ceremonial viewing of the new moon.

Intext Questions (7.3) Tradition says the Great Mosque was founded by the naval admiral admiral Cheng Ho Ming Ho Qing Xiu Dian Each courtyard has a monumental: Tower pavilion or gate. Minarets The tower combines two functions into one: the moon watching pavilion and the minaret Minarets and call for prayer Watch tower and minarets The What consist in 5th courtyard: Lecture hall Tall tower for azan Small hill for moon sighting The mesjid complex is aligned on North West axis North South axis East West axis