NEED What are GHG’s IPCC UCS CO2 graph - paleo Temp graph - paleo Pfaff plan. We suggest that you aim for a different balance. How about establishing your case in 40% of your time. Then you can devote 60% to discussion solutions, how to implement them, barriers to implementation, and what these students in this room can do to help overcome those barriers. The suggestions for students can range from career choices, to recommended classes, to summer internships, to life style changes, to spreading the word, to writing letters to decision makers, etc.

OUTLINE To show the direct relationship between engine emissions and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere---- and global warming. To relate the science to the society To provide courses of action.

The Planet The Engine

REGULAR BREATHING Happy Planet ! CO2 Level Season winter winter summer

The real planet we live on 375 CO2, ppm (parts per million) 315 1958 2004 Year

Where does the CO2 come from Where does the CO2 come from? GASOLINE OR COAL OR NATURAL GAS ALWAYS PRODUCES CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER WHEN BURNED IN AIR Other products too, in very small amounts.

Burning hydrocarbon fuels MUST produce CO2 and water

In different units: 1 gallon of gas produces 18 lbs (8kg) of carbon dioxide RULE OF THUMB: 1 MILE ~ 1/2 POUND OF CO2. CO2 stays in the atmosphere for about 100 years, so it adds up.

Let’s calculate: 1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide IF 800 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY How many kg of CO2 are produced per year?

Let’s calculate: 1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide IF 800 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY Total kg of CO2 = 800 x 106 x 2 x 8 x 365 = 4672000 x 106 ≈ 5 x 1012 kg

1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide Let’s calculate: 1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide So 5 x 1012 kg (5 billion tons) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year, just from cars and trucks. IS THAT A BIG NUMBER?

Our Atmosphere is very Thin

The Atmosphere Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%? The atmosphere of the earth is mainly Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by volume. Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only around 0.038% Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?

The Atmosphere Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%? The atmosphere of the earth is mainly Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by volume. Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only around 0.038% Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%? A. 0.038x10-2 = 380 x 10-6 = 380 ppm

The Atmosphere Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%? Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only around 0.038% 375 CO2, ppm 315 1958 2004 Year Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%? A. 0.038x10-2 = 380 x 10-6 = 380 ppm

Mass of the Atmosphere is 5.2 thousand trillion tons So pA = matm g So matm = pA/g = p (4πR2)/g = 5.2 x1018 kg

Let’s calculate: 1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide Vehicles add 5 x 1012 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere each year. IS THAT A BIG NUMBER? Mass of atmosphere = 5.2 x1018 kg

i.e. One part of CO2 per million parts of atmospheric mass per year. (in volume units it is nearly 0.7 ppmv/yr) This is for vehicles only (add power plants etc. and it comes to around 2 ppmv/yr)

CO2 YEAR

CO2 and Temperature

temperature Carbon dioxide Easy to understand Much harder to understand

The State of Our Global Temperature The 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1994

Greenhouse Gases

The State of Our Atmosphere 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Year 750 1750 260 360 250 310 CH4 (ppb) CO2 (ppm) N2O 2000 Data from IPCC

CO2 and Temperature

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX VS. ENERGY USE From A Pasternack LLNL Rep. No. UCLR-ID 140773 (Oct. 2000)

INDIA CO2 EMISSIONS Carbon dioxide Information center CDIAC.ORNL.GOV

INDIA CO2/capita

US CO2/capita Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov

US CO2 emissions Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov

Carbon emissions are related to: Population (N) amount of carbon to make a unit of energy (C/E) energy usage per unit of GDP (E/GDP) GDP/capita (GDP/N)

Kaya Identity N = population GDP = Gross Domestic Product E = energy usage C=carbon into the atmosphere

C = N x GDP/N x E/GDP x C/E Kaya Identity: Hoffert et al “Nature” V.395 29 Oct. 1998 E/GDP x C/E

CO2 and global warming are due to: Population increase (demography, geography,economics,sociology,psychology,history….) Increase in standard of living (development,sociology,economics,business,engineering,government………… ) The amount of carbon we use to produce the energy(engineering, chemistry,physics,materials science…….) The energy usage per unit of GDP(business, economics,engineering,operations research……..)

MORE INFO: Google 1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2. UCS (Union of Concerned Scientists) 3. Tom Pfaff’s Sustainability Calculus Page 4. State of the Planet course, Cornell 5. Institute for the Environment, Berkeley

ACTION 1.Internalization 2.Education/Research 3.Outreach 4.Involvement with policy 5. Examine Tradition

IPCC 2007