6.5 – Neurones and Synapses

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Neurons transmit the message, synapses modulate the message

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Presentation transcript:

6.5 – Neurones and Synapses

B. PNS – peripheral nervous system – composed of nerves The human nervous system A. CNS – central nervous system – brain and spinal cord B. PNS – peripheral nervous system – composed of nerves 1. Nerves – bundles of neurons 2. Spinal nerves – 31 pairs from spinal cord 3. Cranial nerves – 12 pairs from brain stem

A. Basic functional unit of nervous system Neurons A. Basic functional unit of nervous system B. Can be sensory (take info to CNS), motor (take info away from CNS) or interneurons (within the CNS)

Neuron Impulses (non-myelinated axon) A. “Electrical” impulses B. Resting Potential – ready to receive and send an impulse, but not currently sending 1. Created by the Na+/K+ pump (ATP!) 2. 3 Na+ pumped out, 2 K+ in 3. Leads to a net negative charge inside (Polarized)

Depolarization – sending an impulse Na+ channels open -> Na+ diffuses into cell Increases the net charge inside the cell Must reach threshold

Repolarization 1. Change of charge cause K+ channels to open so K+ diffuses out of cell 2. Lowers the net charge inside the cell 3. Na+/K+ pump returns ions to original positions E. Neurons can only send an impulse from resting potential – cannot transmit 2 impulses at once!

1. Impulses have to “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next Saltatory conduction 1. Impulses have to “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next 2. Ion movement not necessary in myelinated areas 3. Increases speed of impulse and reduces energy expenditure

Synaptic Transmission Communication between neurons (pre-synaptic and post-synaptic) Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers

C. Neuron impulse reaches terminal buttons

Neonicotinoid insecticides Chemically similar to nicotine Binds to post-synaptic receptors, blocking acetylcholine Stops action potential Also, not broken down by acetylcholinesterase so receptor is permanently blocked Paralyzes insects -> death