Urban Planning and Design FROM AP COURSE OUTLINE: Built environment and social space 1 . Types of residential buildings 2 . Transportation and utility infrastructure 3 . Political organization of urban areas 4 . Urban planning and design (e .g ., gated communities, New Urbanism, and smart-growth policies) 5 . Census data on urban ethnicity, gender, migration, and socioeconomic status 6 . Characteristics and types of edge cities: boomburgs, greenfields, uptowns

Social Area Analysis is a study that puts together information from the census tracts to create an overall picture of how people are distributed within an area.

Social class is measured by income, education, and occupation. People in higher social classes by homes that are larger and with people of similar status. Social class can be determined by the number of people per room. Best shown in Hoyt’s Model Social Class Underclass Inner-city residents are frequently referred to as permanent underclass, because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems. Suffers from relatively higher rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, and crime. Children often attend deteriorated schools Affordable housing is difficult to secure Tend to ignore good learning habits, regular school attendance, and completion of homework; the tendencies needed to elevate one’s self out of the underclass Culture of Poverty Inner-city residents are trapped as a permanent underclass, because they live in a culture of poverty. Characterized by: Unwed mothers giving birth to ¾ of the babies in the U.S. inner-city neighborhoods ¾ of children in the inner city live with only one parent Relatively higher usage of drugs. The modern residential suburb is segregated in two ways: Social Class Similarly priced houses are typically built in close proximity to one another, thus attracting a specific range of income earners. Gated communities 2. Land Uses Residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities that are confined to compact, distinct areas. Zoning ordinances enacted in the early 20th century have contributed most notably to the segregation of land uses associated with suburban areas

Younger families live farther from the city. Older families live closer to the city. Young professionals live close to the city center. Much of these statistics are about how much space is needed. Age and Marital Status

28% of families are headed by one adult.. The lack of another income increases the likelihood of poverty. 78% of all one-parent households are headed by women. This is explained as the feminization of poverty. Gender

Explained best by the multiple-nuclei model. Ethnic and racial groups tend to cluster together. Historical minorities are often found living together in ghettos. Black/white separation is highest in the Northeast and Midwest. Race and Ethnicity Gated Communities

Ghettoization is when forced segregation limits residential choices and confine a group to older, lower-cost housing near a city’s center.

African-American Ghettoization Early Southern Pre Civil-War Confined to small houses in alleys and back streets. Close to the white community because of slave jobs. Classic Southern After emancipation Houses on undesirable land such as swampland. Far enough away from whites for total segregation. Early Northern With the migration to the North in the early 20th century. Ended up in high-density housing near the CBD. Classic Northern Often surrounds the CBD Contained by white communities that resist blacks moving into the area. This tendency overcrowds the ghetto adding to the problems. Redlining Some banks engage in redlining- drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money to purchase or to fix up a house. Redlining is illegal but difficult to enforce Blockbusting-when real estate agents would seek to sell a house in a white neighborhood to an African American for a very low price , and then use scare tactics to try to get their neighbors to sell. Racial Steering- blockbusting became illegal in the 1960s, replaced with racial steering: an attempt to change boundaries by showing houses to blacks in white neighborhoods and to whites in black neighborhoods.

Political Organization and Urban Planning Mueller development

Zoning encourages spatial separation by preventing mixing of land use in the same district.

Cause for Zoning It was considered inefficient and sometimes unhealthy to locate different land uses in the same area. For example: Locating a chemical plant next to a neighborhood.

Effects of Zoning Makes it difficult for poor residents to escape their neighborhoods. Criticized because it interferes with the market allocation of land.

Councils of Government City Planning Smart Growth Produce a pattern of controlled development. Protects green spaces. Urban renewal Renovation of inner-city housing. Causes gentrification – attracting middle class families back to the city. Councils of Government Trying to unify governments in urban sprawl. Smart growth involves steps to: curb sprawl limit traffic congestion reverse inner city decline The goal of smart growth is to produce a pattern of controlled development, while protecting rural lands for: agriculture wildlife Recreation Many cities are attempting to improve inner-city neighborhoods through urban renewal. Urban renewal programs allow governments to: buy properties from owners relocate residents and businesses clear the sites build new roads and utilities New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types. In Europe the growth of sprawl is restricted by greenbelts around cities – areas where houses cannot be built. Portland OR, Boulder, also have done this. They preserve land, but they tend to increase house prices in the cities that they protect Transportation and utility infrastructure Gentrification Gentrification is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. Most U.S. cities have at least one substantially renovated inner-city neighborhood where middle-class people live. Middle class-families attracted by some of the following: Houses may have more architectural character than those in the suburbs. Proximity to cultural and recreational activities Commuting time reduced to CBD

Suburbanization Suburbs began expanding prior to WWII with the growing popularity of cars. After WWII this growth increased exponentially because of: The interstate system G.I. Bill Demand for new homes A boomburb is a rapidly growing, sprawling city of 100,000 or more on the edge of a major metropolitan area.

Urban Sprawl– The progressive development of suburban areas. Edge cities – Suburban cities that surround larger cities. These have their own CBD and city structures. Urban Sprawl– The progressive development of suburban areas. While the suburbs expanded, city services did not follow. As a result, business had to follow instead. This movement of business to the suburbs led to businesses such as chain stores and megastores. Eventually, these suburbs chose not to pay city taxes and instead created their own ‘edge-city’ Boomburgs Greenfields Uptowns Urban Sprawl: Sprawl is the progressive development of landscape in the suburban areas, which allows people to have larger houses and more land.

Why is sprawl criticized? Problems with Sprawl Wastes Agricultural Land Requires a lot of transportation expenses Wastes Energy Why is sprawl criticized? Sprawl wastes agricultural land as well as energy. The costs of new roads and utilities often lead to higher taxes and home prices.

Chauncy Harris-Peripheral Model An urban area consisting of an inner-city surrounded by a large suburban residential and business area. The density gradient explains that as the distance increases from the center, the density of residents and houses decrease. Chauncy Harris describes the formation of edge cities through his peripheral model of an urban area consisting of an inner city surrounded by suburban residential and business areas.