Topic 1 - Prehistoric Times Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection No ideas—God or spirits Simple herbal remedies Medicine Man—Priest Dance, magic, prayer No writing Factors Religion Luck Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection By Prehistoric we mean the period before any recording of history. There were no written works or definitive accounts of the period As soon as the society developed the ability to write they stopped being prehistoric, because the history was able to be recorded. The prehistoric people lived in small communities that travelled like nomads. They gathered food and hunted meat. This meant that to begin with they followed the food to live. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection Prehistoric people had no true theories regarding medicine, and thus held the belief that God or evil spirits caused illness. The treatments, as such reflected this. In the tribe, the medicine man was responsible for the health of his people. He was very much a priest as well as a sort of rudimentary doctor. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection The medicine man would prescribe simple herbal remedies—this was often a task conducted by family members, too. The remedies were thought to combat fevers or stomach pains, whilst ointments for cuts were also prescribed. Although some of herbal remedies worked, they did not understand why they worked. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection However, his most common cures were supernatural. This may have involved dances, songs, rhymes, chants or prayers. He may have also given out lucky charms. There were two main groups of prehistoric people—hunter gathers (earlier) and farmers (later). Hunter gathers were always on the move, collecting nuts and fruits and hunting wild animals. This benefited them for they were able to avoid disease from their own waste or polluted water. However, many disease (including anthrax) were caught from animal skins and bites. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection Farmers had a greater life expectancy. They sustained fewer injuries from wild animals, however, farming was physically very painful work leaving many joint and bone injuries. Also animals would pollute their water supply. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Disease and Infection We know about these prehistoric civilisations because of archaeological digs and their subsequent discoveries, also the number of cultures which exist today having not changed much in the last 12,000 years (for example the Aborigines from Australia) and due to cave paintings and other art work. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary Prehistoric Societies: Surgery and Anatomy Trephining to release evil spirits Used splints for broken legs Gained knowledge from animal attack Medicine men Australian Aborigines as a similar culture to the prehistoric people Factors Religion Luck Technology (lack of it) Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Surgery and Anatomy The medicine man had a very limited set of tool to work with. However, one operation that was carried out regularly was trephining. Scientists have discovered a series of skulls that had holes in them, where a hole is bored into a living patient’s skull. This showed that prehistoric people probably used surgery to make their people better. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Surgery and Anatomy A sharp tool was used to remove a piece of the bone from the skull, probably to ease a headache, in the vain hope of releasing an evil spirit. Many of the skulls had evidence of re—grown bone in parts, showing that the patient survived the operation, and lived for many more years. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Surgery and Anatomy Amputations would have been attempted—often they may have worked. They also used splints, mud and clay to set broken bones. Their basic ideas regarding anatomy stemmed from the number of serious injured people would have sustained from wild animal attacks. We think they knew the heart was important, but apart from that they knew very little. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Prehistoric Societies: Surgery and Anatomy In addition the burial practices of a culture may have affected the remains of the dead, and would bring the bodies out in great ceremonies, and consequently would have a fair amount of knowledge about certain parts of the body. However, for others the subject of a dead body was more of a taboo. They would have been touched as little as possible, limiting medical knowledge. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary Prehistoric Societies: Public Health No knowledge required Factors Nothing Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part A’s They are worth 5 marks. You should spend 5 minutes on this question. You should identify 5 key points/ideas. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe how prehistoric people kept healthy and treated illness. nomadic life style so left the sick and their filth behind did not pollute water supplies did not live crowded together did not keep cattle ate a wide range of plants and animals wore charms prayed to the spirits pointing bones treatments like steam, herbs, use of medicine men Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe the medical treatments used in prehistoric times. Trephinning use of mud clay of fat for cuts use of plants/herbs encasing broken arms in mud or clay use of steam for pains and fevers medicine men pointing sticks sucking or chanting to get evil out of the body Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe prehistoric ideas about illness. evil spirits could make people sick you became sick if your spirit left your body medicine men could deal with the spirits and make people better charms could ward off evil spirits simple illness could be treated by use of herbs Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*