Biochemistry

Monomers can be joined together to form polymers when water is removed Monomers can be joined together to form polymers when water is removed. This is called Dehydration synthesis.

Polymers can be split into monomers when water is added Polymers can be split into monomers when water is added. This is called Hydrolysis.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids In Biology, there are 4 important molecules for life, called biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

1. Carbohydrates Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Monomer: monosaccharides = 1 sugar Examples: glucose and fructose and galactose Polymer: polysaccharides= 2 or more sugars Examples: cellulose, starch and glycogen

Carbohydrates in your Diet:

Functions: Short-term energy Structural Support Cellulose in plants Chitin in animals (exoskeleton) & fungi Energy storage Starch (in plants) Glycogen (in animals)

Tests (indicators) for Carbohydrates Benedict’s solution and HEAT Tests for Glucose Positive (+)=yellow, orange or red Negative (-) = Blue / no color change Iodine Tests for Starch Positive (+) = blue/black Negative (-) = yellow/brown

2. Lipids Made of: CHO (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Lipids are NOT polymers. Structure: They are made of glycerol and fatty acids.

Looks like: 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol

2 types of Fatty Acids Saturated- saturated with Hydrogen atoms Unsaturated- not saturated with Hydrogen because of double bond Ex. Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Not soluble in water!!

Functions of the lipids: Long-term energy Insulation Protection Prevent water loss Send chemical messages (steroids) Makes up cell membrane Phospholipids Hydrophilic- water-loving Hydrophobic- water-fearing

Tests (indicators) for Lipids Sudan III Positive (+)= red Negative (-) = no color change Brown Paper Bag Positive (+) = translucent spot Negative (-) = no change

3. Proteins Made of: CHON - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Monomer- Amino Acid 20 different types depending on R-groups

Polymer – polypeptide Shape determines the protein’s function Held together by hydrogen bonds called peptide bonds.

Functions: Transport (hemoglobin) Regulate organs (hormones) Form muscles Structure (hair & nails) Control chemical reactions (enzymes) Fight disease (antibodies)

Sources of Protein Meats Beans Nuts Eggs

Tests (indicators) for Proteins Biuret Positive (+)= clear purple Negative (-) = light blue/no color change

4. Nucleic Acids Made of: CHONP - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

2 types of Polymer: DNA and RNA Monomers – Nucleotide (3 parts) 1. Sugar 2. Base 3. Phosphate group 2 types of Polymer: DNA and RNA

Function: Stores & transmits genetic information

Tests for Nucleic Acids Not applicable!