Organic Chemistry Packet #8 Chapter #2

Introduction Organic Chemistry Why carbon? The chemistry of carbon Backbone of all life Any object on earth that contains carbon is considered as being organic Not to be confused with organic foods Has the ability to make four chemical bonds Remember, carbon has four valence electrons

Four Organic Compounds Compounds of Life Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids There are four groups of organic compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids They exist in the form of monomers or polymers. Polymers are two/more monomers joined together. Via polymerization Organic Molecules Monomers Polymers Exist in two forms

Organic Compounds/Marcromolecules Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Introduction Mainly used for energy Other names for carbohydrates Sugars Saccharide Starches Carbohydrates Starches Saccharides Sugars Also known as 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Monomer Simple sugar Glucose Fructose 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Types of Carbohydrates Di-saccharides Polymer Combines two monosaccharides Sucrose Glucose & Fructose joined together 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Polymer Combines many monosaccharides together Cellulose Several thousand glucose molecules joined together. 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Polysaccharides

Organic Compounds/Marcromolecules Lipids

Lipids Structure Commonly called fat Composed of two parts Glycerol Fatty acids 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Lipids

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat The fatty acids only single bonds Unsaturated The fatty acids have one or more multiple bonds Better for your health because the ”kinks” prevent the fat molecules from packing closely together. 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Phospholipids Special Class of Lipids Found at the surface of cells Four main components Glycerol Fatty acids PO4 {Phosphate/Phosphate Group} Organic molecule 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Phospholipids II

Organic Compounds/Macromolecules Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids I Make up genes and chromosomes Nucleic Acids are composed of multiple nucleotides joined together. Hence, a nucleic acid is a polynucleotide. Examples DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Nucleic Acids—Nucleotides Three main components Nitrogenous base Adenine; Guanine; Cytosine; Thymine; Uracil Uracil is only found in the Nucleic Acid RNA Thymine is only found in the Nucleic Acid DNA Sugar Deoxyribose DNA ONLY Ribose RNA ONLY Phosphate group Nucleic Acids DNA Sugar Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogenous Bases Purines Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines Thymine Cytosine RNA Ribose Uracil 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Components of Nucleotides

Organic Compounds/Macromolecules Proteins

Proteins Functions Composed of polypeptides Provide support Used for storage Transports other substances Composed of polypeptides A sequence of amino acids Proteins can become “active” Enzymes Regulate metabolism Proteins Support Storage Transport 9/18/2018 6:39:37 AM

Review

Organic Macromolecules Review Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids DNA RNA