4 Major Macromolecules Objectives: Describe the function of carbohydrates. Draw the structure of a carbohydrate. Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.

Carbohydrates: Objective 1: Describe the function of carbohydrates Carbohydrates are large sugar molecules Used as a source of instant energy. A.K.A—polysaccharides Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Structure of a carbohydrate: Objective 2: Describe the structure of a carbohydrate Monomer—monosaccharide 2 monosaccharides=disaccharide 3 or more monosaccharides=polysaccharide

Objective 3: Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built. Carbohydrates are made through dehydration synthesis Removes an OH group from one monosaccharide and a H from the other. The left over O then bonds with the free C on the other monosaccharide

Carbohydrates are broken by hydrolysis When water is added, one H will bond with the O sharing a bond between both monosaccharides. The OH will bond with the free C on the other monosaccharide, splitting the polysaccharide into their respective monosaccharides. 

Review of Objectives Objectives: Describe the function of carbohydrates. Draw the structure of a carbohydrate. Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.

Lipids Objectives: Describe the function of lipids Draw and label the structure of a lipid Differentiate among the different forms of lipids

Objective 1: Describe the function of lipids Examples of lipids: Fats Oils Wax Steroids triglycerides

Function of Lipids Stored energy Insulation Hormones Cell membrane structure

Composed of a polar head and a nonpolar fatty acid tail Objective 2: draw and label the structure of a lipid Structure of a Lipid Polymer: Lipid Monomer: Fatty Acid Composed of a polar head and a nonpolar fatty acid tail

2 Main Types of Fatty Acid Tails Saturated No double bonds Maximum number of hydrogens Very, very bad for you Solid fats Unsaturated At least one C=C (carbon, carbon double bond) Low number of hydrogens Oils Better for you

Objective 3: differentiate among the different types of lipids

Triglyceride vs. Phospholipid

Review of Objectives Objective 1: describe the function of lipids Objective 2: draw and label a lipid Objective 3: differentiate among the different types of lipids

Nucleic Acid Objectives: Describe the function of nucleic acids Draw and label the structure of a nucleotide Explain how nucleotides link together to make nucleic acids

Objective 2: draw and label a nucleotide Polymer—Nucleic Acid Monomer—Nucleotide Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base Nitrogenous bases: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Uracil

Objective 3: Explain how nucleotides bond to make a nucleic acid The phosphate group of one nucleotide, bonds to the sugar of the other nucleotide to link on top of each other. Then, to link sideways, the nitrogen bases bond in pairs (A-T, C-G)

2 Types of Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Codes for proteins Sugar—deoxyribose Double helical shape RNA Sugar—ribose One stranded—no double helix

Proteins Objectives: Explain the function of proteins Explain how amino acids link to make proteins

Proteins Monomer = amino acid Polymer = polypeptide

Structure of an amino acids 1 central carbon bonded to 4 other parts 3 are the same in every amino acid COOH—carboxyl NH2—amine Hydrogen “R group”: varies in each different amino acid

Amino Acids 20 different amino acids make up all proteins We cannot make all of these amino acids in our cells so some of them come from our diet histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

Objective 2: explain how amino link together to make proteins Peptide bonds between amino acids A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds is called--polypeptide

Protein Structure Polypeptides are put together and fold in specific shapes to make different protein molecules In proteins– structure = function

Objective 1: explain the function of amino acids Proteins differ in the number and types of amino acids that make them up They sequence and size determines the structure and function Mostly aid in Eyesight Movement Repair body tissues Enzymes

Enzymes

Enzyme Questions What does a catalyst do? What is an enzyme? Why do enzymes generally bind to only one type of substrate? How are the “lock and key” and “induced fit” models similar? How are the “lock and key” and “induced fit” models different? What are 3 factors that can affect the way enzymes work? Explain how each factor would affect an enzyme.

What Are Enzymes? Proteins Act as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction They are not permanently changed in the process Reusable

Enzymes Enzymes catalyze specific substances Names end in –ase Sucrase Lactase Maltase

How do Enzymes Work? Lower activation energy

Enzyme-Substrate Complex The substance an enzyme acts on = substrate The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site As the substrate binds to the active site, the shape of the enzyme changes  induced fit

What Affects Enzyme Activity? Temperature pH Inhibitors

Temperature Extreme temperatures are the most dangerous High temperatures may denature a protein

pH Very acidic or basic solutions often reduce enzyme activity Most work best at a neutral pH (6-8)

Enzyme Inhibitors Two types: Competitive inhibitors: shaped like an enzyme’s normal substrate so they block the active site Noncompetitive inhibitors: do not block the active site but bind to another part of the enzyme, changing its shape

Enzyme Deficiencies Article For each deficiency: What is the job of the enzyme? How does this affect your health? How does this affect your diet?