Macromolecules & Functional Groups https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY

Functional Groups Small Groups of atoms. Consistently found together in different biological molecules. Each functional group has specific chemical properties. When attached to larger molecules, they give those properties to the larger molecule. Some molecules contain many different functional groups. Functional groups determine molecular shape and reactivity.

Hydroxyl Formula  -OH Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Alcohols Sugars Properties Polar Attracts Water Hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules Enables Linkage with other molecules by condensation.

Keto also called Carbonyl Formula  -CO Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Ketones Aldehydes Properties Important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions. Hydrogen bond acceptors Polar Attracts water

Aldehyde Formula  -COH Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Aldehydes Properties Very reactive Important in building molecules Important in energy-releasing reactions

Carboxyl Formula  -COOH Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Carboxylic Acids Amino Acids Properties Acidic Ionizes in living tissue Enters into condensation reactions Some important in energy releasing reactions.

Amino Formula  -NH2 Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Amines Properties Electronegative N picks up H+. +1 charge Forms NH3+ Acts as a base Enters into condensation reaction by giving up H+

Phosphate Formula  -PO4 Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Organic Phosphates Properties Acidic Transfers energy between organic molecules. Enters into condensation reactions by giving up OH When bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases much energy.

sulfhydryl Formula  -SH Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group Thiols Properties Stabilizes protein structure By giving up H, two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a disulfide bridge.

Methyl Formula  -CH3 Structure  Names of Compounds with this Group DNA Properties Hydrophobic Nonpolar Stable Influence gene expression

Macromolecules Large molecules Formed by the covalent linkage of smaller molecules. Most are made of monomers that are covalently bonded to form polymers.

Macromolecules Four Kinds Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids Formed from 20 different amino acids Linked Carbohydrates Sugars linked together Monosaccharides polysaccharides Nucleic Acids Four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together Lipids Limited sets of smaller molecules called fatty acids Noncovalent forces maintain the interactions between lipid monomers

Condensation Reaction Removal of Water links monomers together to form a polymer.

Hydrolysis Reaction Addition of water breaks polymer into monomers.