DNA Genetics

Agenda 4/6 Discuss backpacking project Create genetics table of contents Discuss essential question Begin DNA and base pairing

Warm-Up: Make predictions in yout notebook What does DNA stand for? What is DNA made up of? What is the function of DNA? Where is DNA found?

1. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid Using information from the name, what type of macromolecule is DNA?(hands) Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Amino Acid Protein

2. What is DNA made of? Nucleotides! <<- monomer of nucleic acids A single nucleotide has 3 parts: A sugar (deoxyribose) A phosphate group A nitrogen base

3. What is the function of DNA? DNA is the directions for making the different parts of our bodies. Why one fly’s eyes are red while the others are white! Analogy: How is DNA like the blueprint for a building?

4. Where is DNA found in our bodies? The nuclei of cells How is it organized? Organized into chromosomes

What does DNA look like? Double helix (stranded) Ladder like nucleic acid

Copy and Complete the following A single strand of DNA is a polymer (complex molecule – nucleic acid) composed of many monomers (simple units) called ________________________________.

What makes up the back bone of DNA? Phosphate bonds hold the backbone of DNA together. Connect phosphate from one nucleotide to the sugar of another nucleotide. Backbone: Sugar and Phosphate.

If the backbone (outside) is sugar and phosphate what part of the nucleotide is left? Nitrogenous bases in the middle

Nitrogen Base Pairing in DNA In: What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

EACH nucleotide is made of 3 parts itself!! Phosphate groups 5 Carbon Sugars Nitrogen Bases!! We will be talking about these today!!

Sort these 4 nitrogen bases into 2 groups! What makes them different? Pyrimidines Purines

Pairing Rules!! A Purine will ALWAYS pair with a PYRIMIDINE!! What are the rules for pairing nitrogen bases??? The rules for pairing: ADENINE always pairs with THYMINE GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE

Look again at your nucleic acid strand connected to your nitrogen bases. What do you have now? 1. Nucleotide 2. DNA strand 3. Single helix How many strands do you have? Which of the following describes the two strands? 1. Complimentary 2. Opposite 3. Identical Justify your answer!!

Warm-Up 4/7 1. List the 3 parts of the DNA molecule. Phosphate group, 5-ring sugar, nitrogen base 2. What is the monomer of a DNA molecule called? Nucleotide 3. Complementary strand for the following: G T T A C C T A C C A A T G G A T G

Genes and Chromosomes

Objective Explain the relationship between genes, DNA and chromosomes. 2.7a-b RWC -3.2f/g, 4d Complete a graphic organizer that describing the relationship between genes, DNA and chromosomes with 80% or higher accuracy. This is how scientists are identifying and mapping the human genome!! Want a blue-eyed baby? I am going to have the students tape the picture that is on slide 10 into their notebooks at the beginning of class.

Genes Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific things Where did you get your genes? Describe something specific about you that your genes code for and where you got that code.

What If? If your DNA was 1 meter long, one of your cells would be about the size of the small holes that your spirals are going through in your notebook. What strategy would you use in order to get that whole DNA strand into that tiny space? A true set of DNA if placed from end to end would be about 1 meter. This is how long the string should be. Obviously the thickness of the string is significantly larger than that of a DNA strand, hence the comparison to the hole in the notebook and not a true cell. In either case, the point can be made: DNA needs to be packed really well.

Histones, Coils, and Supercoils Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around in order to keep it organized. Histones group together to make coils (one loop) and supercoils (many loops) to stay organized What is something that you need to keep wrapped up? What would happen if you didn’t?

CFU What is this part DNA Coil Supercoil Gene DNA Strand

Chromosomes Chromosomes are the super-organized way that your DNA is stored Every human has 23 sets of chromosomes.

Chromosomes Come in Pairs 1 2 Each of these banded regions represents a gene. Why do you think it is important to have two sets of the information that codes for your body? In case there is damage it can be repaired. With DNA it is important it is correct! Mix pair share  Have students answer the first question. Then set a timer or play music until they have mixed. Share answer and add my answer. Answer the next question wherever they are in the room. Play music or timer until they are with another partner and repeat. Describe the relationship between genes and chromosomes. There are many genes that each hold different information woven into the chromosome which holds them all.

Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes Each cell needs just a few specific genes from the DNA The same chromosomes are in all of your cells. Suppose you wanted to make a clone of someone. All you need is a complete set of DNA. What kind of cell would you need, and why? Use all three words in your explanation (DNA, Chromosomes and Genes).

Small to large!! Nucleotides combine to make the.. Nucleic acids. NA combine to make the… DNA. DNA combines to make the… Genes. Genes combine to make the… Chromosomes. Chromosomes combine to make the… Genome. Genome combines to make the…

C4U – if the human genome was a library, match the following… DNA Genes Nucleic acids Chromosomes Nucleotides genome Words lines books Library letters ink

Summary Explain what it is, and how it connects to/relates to the next thing on the list DNA – Holds all of your genetic information in a series of base pairs. Histones – DNA wraps around them to make coils and keep it organized. Coils – One “loop” of DNA covered histones that when twisted together make supercoils Supercoils – Like a rope of DNA. When the rope is bunched together in a mass it makes a chromosome. Chromosome – The structure that holds all of the genetic material for a life form.

Nitrogen Bases Card Games!! Play either slap jack or collect your complement!!

DOL: 6pts Gene Chromosome DNA How are these related? What is it? How are these related? How are these related? Chromosome DNA You are probably going to want to print these out. Sorry about that… How are these related? What is it? What is it?