C-Notes: Chemistry of Living Things (Biochemistry) Stnd: BI.1h C-Notes: Chemistry of Living Things (Biochemistry) 9/3-4/13 SWBAT understand and apply the principles of chemistry in cells found in organisms, that are made from a small collection of simple precursors. Objective:

All chemical processes takes place inside the cell of any organism. What are the properties of biochemical compounds that makes it essential for life? All chemical processes takes place inside the cell of any organism. The cell is made up of: Atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons) Elements (92 found on the P.T.) Compounds (2 or more elements combine chemically) Inorganic ( No Carbon and hydrogen) Organic ( has carbon and hydrogen) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) Molecules (atoms joined together)

The Periodic Table of Elements

Most Common Elements Element Symbol Carbon C Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N Sulfur S Phosphorus P Magnesium Mg Iodine I Iron Fe Calcium Ca Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Potassium K Zinc Zn Most Common Elements

What are the organic molecules found in living things? What are polymers? AKA Macromolecules 4 types found in Living things: Carbohydrates (sugars) Lipids (fats & oil) Proteins (enzymes & cellular structures) Nucleic Acid (genetic info: DNA & RNA) **Most macromolecules are Polymers** Are long-chains of repeating units (Monomers) Ex: glucose-glucose-glucose = Glycogen [monomer]-[monomer]-[monomer]=[polymer]

Macromolecules Precursors (building blocks) What are the simple precursors (building blocks) for the macromolecules? Macromolecules Precursors (building blocks) 1. Carbohydrates  Monosaccharaides 2. Lipids  Fatty acids + glycerol 3. Proteins  Amino Acids 4. Nucleic Acid  Nucleotide (base + sugar + phosphate) **Macromolecules are Polymers (chain-like molecules) built from Monomers**

What are Carbohydrates? Functions: Energy Storage (Starch & Glycogen) Cellular Structure (Cellulose & Chitin) Structure: Monosaccharaides (simple sugar) (building blocks of carbohydrates) Ex: Glucose fructose Disaccharides (2 simple sugar combine) Ex: Sucrose Lactose Maltose Polysaccharides Ex: Glycogen, Starch & Cellulose

What are Lipids? Includes : Fats and Oil Are insoluble in water. Function: Long-term energy storage Any extra food not used for energy is changed into fat & stored Cellular structure Thermoregulation Cushion organs Cell (plasma) Membrane Hormones Structure: Monomer fatty acids + glycerol (building block of lipids) Polymer Saturated fats (animals) Unsaturated fats (plants) Phospholipids Steroids

Nucleotides (building blocks of Nucleic acids) What are Nucleic Acid? Two types: DNA Makes up genes and is involved in heredity (carries genetic info) RNA Involved in making proteins Structure: Nucleotides (building blocks of Nucleic acids) Sugar Nitrogen Bases Phosphate Group

What are Proteins? Involved in making: Enzymes Hormones Antibodies Hemoglobin Also help repair damaged cells and cell growth You can recognize proteins b/c it ends in –in ex: hemoglobin- oxygen transport myoglobin-oxygen storage Pepsin-digestion of food Insulin-regulate blood sugar Actin/Myosin-contraction/extension of muscle fibers Myelin- nerve function Structures: long chains of Amino Acids (20 found in living things)  polypeptide chain. Can be joined together in any sequence and combination Because of this, protein structures are DIFFERENT b/c of DIFFERENT numbers and sequence of AMINO ACIDS. **it’s function depends on how many amino acids and what type of amino acids are joined together**