Carbon Compounds TSW identify the characteristics (structure and function) of organic molecules

All living things contain… Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur “CHNOPS” Inorganic: Do not contain Carbon (ex. Water) Organic: Contain Carbon (ex. Biomolecules)

What is an organic molecule? A molecule containing… Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Examples: Glucose, glycerol, amino acids

Why is Carbon so important? It can form strong, stable (usually non-polar) covalent bonds It can form up to 4 chemical bonds It can form multiple bonds

Macromolecules “Giant Molecules” Made from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules Formed through a process called polymerization

Polymerization Monomer: single unit Polymer: several monomers bonded together using dehydration synthesis Basically, polymerization is like building a puzzle.

Dehydration Synthesis Means to “take water out” When two monomers are joined, an H from one is removed and joined to an OH from the other

Hydrolysis Hydro: Water Lysis: To split Occurs when water is added to a chemical reaction to break down a macromolecule Opposite of dehydration synthesis

Types of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Carbohydrates Made of C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Polysaccharide Most living organisms use them as their main source of energy

Examples of Carbs Glucose Fructose Sucrose Lactose Cellulose

Important Polysaccharides Glycogen: short-term energy storage in animals, stored in the liver until it is converted to fat Cellulose: used for structure in plants, difficult to digest

Lipids Consist mostly of C and H Include fats, oils, and waxes Not soluble in water Functions: energy storage, make cell membrane, insulation

Components of Lipids Glycerol: an alcohol which serves as the backbone 3 Fatty Acids: long hydrocarbon chains

Types of Fats Saturated: no double bonds ( no C=C) Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries. Saturated: no double bonds ( no C=C) Unsaturated: has double bonds (C=C) Polyunsaturated: has many double bonds

Nucleic Acids Contain H, O, N, C, and P Monomer: nucleotides Store and transmit genetic information Example: DNA and RNA

What is a nucleotide? 3 main parts 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base

Proteins Contain N, C, H, and O Monomer: Amino Acids Regulate reactions and cell processes, form muscles and bones, etc.