Warm-up Cut out the monomer on your table. Add one academic goal for the next test onto your monomer Tape your monomer to those of your table partners. My Goal

Biomolecules and Proteins

Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry- the chemistry of carbon Carbon- four valance electrons Carbon can form 4 bonds

Chemistry of Carbon Carbon can also form: Single bonds Double bonds Triple bonds

Chemistry of Carbon All of this means that carbon can form a large variety of complex molecules. This diversity is why carbon is important to the chemistry of life.

Macromolecules All biological molecules are “giant molecules” known as macromolecules.

Macromolecules Macromolecules are made of small repeating smaller molecules called “monomers”. Monomers combine in long chains to form “polymers”.

The Four Groups All living things are made of: You must know: Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids You must know: The monomer The polymer The structure The function Dietary source of each.

Proteins Made of: Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen

Proteins Monomer = Amino Acid 20 different types

Proteins Amino acid monomers combine to form a polymer called a polypeptide. The process also makes water

Protein Once the polypeptide is made it twists and folds into a protein. Shape dictates what a protein does. Held together by hydrogen bonds.

Functions of protein Control chemical reaction rates. Bone and muscle movement. Transport substances. Fight disease.

Sources of Protein

Biological Molecules Carbohydrates A) Structure: also know as: SUGAR and STARCH A) Structure: 1) made of Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Biological Molecules 2) Monomers are MONOSACCHARIDES example: Glucose 3) polymers are POLYSACCHARIDES example: Starch

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 1) Quick energy. (this is why you get hyper after eating a candy bar) a) plants store a polysaccharide called CELLULOSE and STARCH b) animals store a polysaccharide called GLYCOGEN

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 2) used for structure Cellulose is used to give plants their shape Human’s can’t digest cellulose That’s why a lot of plants look the same coming out as they did going in…gross

Biological Molecules C) Sources: When you eat too much sugar from any source it gets changed by the body into FAT

Biological Molecules Lipids A) Structure: Examples: 1) made of FATS Cholesterol Hormones A) Structure: 1) made of Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen

Biological Molecules 2) Lipids don’t have polymers and monomers. They are made of two parts though: Glycerol Fatty Acids

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 1) Insulation 2) Store Energy keeps you warm 2) Store Energy store more energy than sugar but it’s harder to get to

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 3) make up the outer layer of the cell This is called the lipid bilayer

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 4) move messages around your body for example, steroids or hormones.

Biological Molecules C) Sources: if you eat too many fatty foods…you know what happens...

Biological Molecules Nucleic Acids A) Structure: Examples: DNA and RNA 1) made of Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Nitrogen

Biological Molecules 2) Monomers = Nucleotides Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous Base example: Nucleotide

Biological Molecules ) Polymers are Polynucleotides Phosphate and sugars of each nucleotide join covalently forming a polymer Sugar phosphate backbone Examples: DNA/RNA

Biological Molecules RNA- Ribonucleic Acid Single strand (one molecule)

Biological Molecules DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double stranded Each strand similar in structure to RNA. Held together in the center by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases. Twist to form a double helix. Hydrogen bond

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 1) Transmit hereditary information (genetic information) a) Some organisms receive all of their genetic information from one parent (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) b) Others receive a combination of genetic information from two parents (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION) The Melungeons- The “Blue People” of West Virginia

Biological Molecules B) Functions: 2) stores the information used to make proteins DNA- Stores this information in the NUCLEUS of a cell. RNA- carries this information to where it is used to make protein.