TEST Tuesday Sept 18 Covers biochemistry and characteristics of life Biochemistry Notes TEST Tuesday Sept 18 Covers biochemistry and characteristics of life

Inorganic and Organic Compounds Quiz Friday 9/14 Test Tues. 9/18

Inorganic Compounds Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon Ex: WATER salts vitamins (A, D, C) minerals (K, Ca, Fe)

Organic Compounds Organic compounds: Compounds whose molecules contain carbon ALL living things contain carbon. It is known as the “backbone of life” Contain C-C or C-H bonds 4 valence electrons allow it to bond very easily

Monomer vs Polymer Macromolecules are “giant molecules” made from thousands of smaller molecules Monomers are the smaller units of these giant molecules Polymers are many monomers joined together

4 Groups of Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates (saccharides) Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio This is the main source of energy for living things Provides “FAST ENERGY” EX: sugars (-ose), starch monomer= monosaccharides polymer = polysaccharides

4 Groups of Organic Compounds: Lipids (fats, oils) Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms Help form cell membranes, hormones and cholesterol Considered “LONG TERM ENERGY” Are hydrophobic (oil, butter, lard, wax) Monomer = fatty acid chain Polymer = triglyceride

4 Groups of Organic Compounds: Proteins (peptides) Proteins are macromolecules that contain hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen Form many body structures (bones, muscles) Help fight diseases (antibodies)

4 Groups of Organic Compounds: Proteins (peptides) EX: enzymes, hemoglobin, meats, body fluids/tissue Monomer = amino acids Polymer = proteins

4 Groups of Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus Store and transmit genetic information EX: DNA and RNA Monomers = nucleotides Polyomers = DNA/RNA

DNA DNA is a nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of an organism to another Double helix

DNA Long molecule (nucleotide) is made up of three components: Deoxyribose (sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)

RNA RNA molecules that contain coded information of making proteins Nucleotide is made up of three components: Ribose (sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (URACIL, adenine, cytosine, guanine) Ribose sugar

Reading a Nutrition Label

Enzymes (-ase) Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts (speeds up a chemical reaction) Ex: catalase Lower the activation energy which speeds up the reaction Without enzymes digestion would take months!!

Enzyme Action Enzymes are specific to substrates (reactants) Works like a “lock and key” (substrate fits in to the active site) Perform best at optimum temperatures and pH High temperatures can “denature” (change the shape) of the enzymes active site

Enzyme Action Product Reactant

Enzyme Lock and Key

Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition Competitive: blocks active site Noncompetitive: binds to the enzymes and changes its shape

Enzyme Manipulative Checklist

Enzymes and Digestion