DNA to PROTEIN CHAPTER 12 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

DNA: replication and protein synthesis

Where have we seen DNA being replicated? MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Building blocks of DNA: Nucleotides

The sugar Deoxyribose The phosphate

Why are these called nitrogenous bases? The nitrogenous bases The Purines Why are these called nitrogenous bases?

How are the pyrimidines different from the purines? The nitrogenous bases The Pyrimidines How are the pyrimidines different from the purines?

Four different Nucleotides BASIC STRUCTURE

DNA is a polymer formed by base pairing: Base pairing rule A pairs with T C pairs with G

The Double Helix The overall shape of DNA is described as a double helix (a twisted ladder). What force holds the two strands together?

How are DNA and RNA similar? DNA is composed of nucleotides and RNA is composed of nucleotides

How are DNA and RNA different?

How are DNA and RNA different? Nucleotides = deoxyribose sugar Double helix structure Stays inside nucleus RNA… Nuleotides = ribose sugar Single-strand structure Located both inside and outside of nucleus Uracil instead of thymine

DNA Replication ANIMATION ANIMATION DETAILED

Enzymes involved in DNA replication Helicase – opens the double helix to allow for replication DNA polymerase – reads the original DNA strand and lays down complementary bases Ligase – glues the newly formed DNA together

DNA replication practice You are DNA polymerase. Helicase has opened the DNA strand – read each side and produce the complementary copies. __________________________________ A G G T A A C C G G T T A C G A T T A T T C C A T T G G C C A A T G C T A A T A

Do # 9 IN YOUR NOTES TO PRACTICE BASE PAIRING RULES AGAIN __________________________________ A G T C C G T T A G T T C A G G C A A T C A

Protein Synthesis= transcription and translation DNA contains all the information for your traits – the genes These genes are blueprints and need to remain safe – kept inside the nucleus Copies can be made though – a messenger

Genotype  Phenotype DNA mRNA tRNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation

Transcription mRNA – stands for messenger RNA it is the copy of the DNA message for making a protein Occurs in the nucleus Promoter region on DNA marks where transription should start and terminator region marks where it should stop

mRNA Transcribes DNA message and carries it to ribosome RNA polymerse is the enzyme that produces it (#8 in notes) CLICK ON PICTURE FOR ANIMATION ON TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA No T (thymine) so when it reads the nucleotide A on DNA it matches it with ____? Do #11 in notes

tRNA Once mRNA is made it attaches to a ribosome tRNA = transfer RNA and they carry amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins (remember?)

Translation Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis Click here to see mRNA and tRNA work together at that ribosome to build a protein

Codon = mRNA Anti-codon = tRNA

Let’s Review DNA Structure is a _____ ______ DNA is composed of __________ What are four that make up DNA? A T C G

Figure 12–5 DNA Nucleotides Section 12-1 Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Phosphate group Deoxyribose

Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA Section 12-1 Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Use your text to complete the diagram and provide written details for the process shown

Bring amino acids to ribosome Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to mRNA Carry instructions rRNA Combine with proteins tRNA Bring amino acids to ribosome from to to make up DNA Ribosome Ribosomes

Figure 12–14 Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase DNA RNA

Figure 12–20 Chromosomal Mutations Section 12-4 Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation