Proteins 1 2 3 Types Function/Example Carbon Compounds include Which are made of which contain Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Proteins are essential parts of living organisms and participate in virtually every process in cells. 1 2 3 Types Function/Example Enzymatic Acceleration of chemical reactions E.g., digestive enzymes, cellular respiration Structural Collagen & elastin, keratin in hair and nails Transport Transport of other substances E.g., hemoglobin transports O2 to cells Hormonal Cellular communication E.g., insulin secreted by the pancreas Contractile Movement E.g. actin and myosin in muscle cells Defensive Protect against disease E.g., antibodies combat viruses and bacteria main function main function main function main function ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION short-term long-term

Proteins and their subunits Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins Amino Acid Structure Any one of the 20 different side-chains Amino Group Carboxyl (acid) Group

Proteins and their subunits Examples of amino acids Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18

Proteins and their subunits 20 Major Amino Acids 8 are considered “essential” (must obtain through diet) 1. Phenylalanine 2. Valine 3. Threonine 4. Tryptophan 5. Isoleucine 6. Methionine 7. Leucine 8. Lysine The other 12 1. Glycine 7. Glutaimine 2. Alanine 8. Histidine 3. Proline 9. Tyrosine 4. Serine 10. Aspartic acid 5. Cysteine 11. Glutamic acid 6. Asparagine 12. Arginine Types of Amino Acids Nonpolar Polar Acidic Basic Amino acids each have their own unique chemical properties. Some dissolve in water – some do not. This is essential for transport and storage.

+ Making and Breaking Proteins Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds - a special covalent bond found in proteins + H2O Dipeptide Peptide bond

Making and Breaking Proteins Condensation two amino acids join (dipeptide) a peptide bond is formed a water molecule is formed Hydrolysis water is added a peptide bond is broken amino acids are split apart A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide Gly Lys Phe Arg Ser Peptide Bonds -COOH end H2N- end

Making and Breaking Proteins A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide Gly Lys Phe Arg Ser -COOH end H2N- end Peptide Bonds The type of protein is determined by: 1. sequence of polypeptides 2. orientation in space 3. 3-D shape

4 Levels of Protein Structure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7dxi4ob2O4 Try to note the differences in the 4 levels of protein structure as you watch the video

Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding. Four levels of protein structure: Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding. Secondary - simple folding create simple structures. Tertiary - folding results in complex 3D structures. Quaternary - multiple 3D subunits organized into a bigger structure. Sulfhydryl (-SH) functional groups can form disulfide (-S-S) bonds which contribute to a proteins tertiary structure.

Hemoglobin Carries oxygen in the blood - It's made up of 4 specific 3D subunits Proper protein function depends on correct 3D structure. Any change in the primary structure can cause the protein to fold differently. A different shape can lead to a different function (or lack of proper function). Sickle cell anemia is an example.

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of chains of nucleotides. 1 2 3 Which are made of which contain Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Nucleic acids carry genetic information 2 Types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) main function main function main function main function ENERGY STORAGE ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION ENERGY STORAGE short-term long-term

DNA RNA Types of Nucleic Acids 1 Long-term storage of hereditary information Carries genetic instructions or “blueprints” for building parts of the cell Segments of DNA are responsible for carrying genes (genetic information), have structural purposes, or regulate the use of genetic information 1 RNA Involved in the process of transcribing genetic information from DNA into proteins Protein synthesis (the process of making proteins) is carried out by organelles called ribosomes, which take “instructions” from RNA main function ENERGY STORAGE short-term

Nucleic Acid Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU61gluXhW0 While watching the video try to note the monomers of DNA and RNA. What are the differences between the 2 molecules?

DNA & RNA Nucleotide O O=P-O Phosphate Group N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Sugar Nitrogen base (A, G, C, or T/U) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

DNA Double Helix 1 “Rungs of ladder” Nitrogen Base (A,T,G or C) “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone main function ENERGY STORAGE short-term

DNA Nitrogen Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES 3. Thimine (T) 4. Cytosine (C) A or G U or C

RNA Nitrogen Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES 3. Uracil (U) 4. Cytosine (C) A or G U or C

Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine DNA Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine T A G C

Hydrogen bonds P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

DNA Structure Compared to RNA Structure Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Bases Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine Strands Double stranded with base paring Single stranded Helix Yes No

Homework Make a table summarizing proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Your table should include: Monomers Polymer Some functions of the polymer Examples