2.2 – Kinetic Theory

Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory Demo – Food coloring

1738 – Daneil Bernoulli – Swiss mathematician and physicist - published Hydrodynamica Gases consist of molecules moving rapidly in all directions These particles is why we feel pressure in fluids What we perceive as heat is simply the movement(kinetic energy) of the particles

Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory explains how particles behave within matter. Basic Assumptions All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions) Particles are constant and random. Particles collide with each other transferring kinetic energy.

Thermal Energy Thermal energy is the total energy of a materials particles. The energy in these particles causes them to move and we measure the average kinetic energy of the particles as temperature. Temperature – the average kinetic energy of the particles of a material Molecules of water at 0 ˚C have less energy and less movement that molecules of water at 100 ˚C . What is it called when particles in a substance stop moving completely?

Absolute Zero The point at which all molecular movement stops. 0K -459˚F

Solid State Solids – when molecules lose enough energy and move close enough together to arrange in geometric shapes. Molecules with in a solid still move, vibrating in place

Liquid State As heat is added to a solid the energy and movement of the particles increases. As movement increases the particles spread out and become less organized.

Gas State Gas particles have the ability to completely overcome the attractions between them. Gases do not have a fixed volume or shape

In summary….

Diffusion Diffusion is the spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed. Ex. Perfume

Other Phases of Matter Plasma – matter that is composed of postively and negatively charged particles. This is called by the seperation of electrons from nuclei at very high temperatures. Ex. Lightning Bolts, Neon and Fluorescent tubes, auroras Bose-Einstein Condensates Non-Newtonian Fluids

Other States of Matter

So why does this/Bernoulli matter? Carburetor

Airplane wing