Interactive Notebook (INB) Set-Up First, number every single page front and back, starting with the very first page as #1. Number up to 140. Put numbers on top outside corner, away from the spiral. Even # Odd #

Science Interactive Notebook Setup 1 Glue Handout Titled: Biology Interactive Notebook on the front page. Cut it down to size. Fill in name and period.

Tape in: Pg. 1 Name Page-fill in the 3 blanks Pg. 2 Top-10

Pg. 3 9. What does it mean when it says an enzyme is specific. Catalysts Speed it Up Define: Activation Energy Catalyst Enzymes Active site Substrate Catalysis How do catalysts speed up a reaction? Why is the spark a catalyst? Why are catalysts important to the human body? What do inhibitors do to reactions? Why are inhibitors necessary? Enzymes are(pick one) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins How is an enzyme like a lock and key? Pg. 3 9. What does it mean when it says an enzyme is specific. 10. Describe the 4 steps in the process of an enzyme working. 11. What is the substrate called after it is released from the enzyme? 12. What are 4 things that can affect enzyme activity? 13. Why does temperature “mess up” an enzyme? 14. What is the function of an activator? 15. What does pH measure? 16. How do inhibitors work?

In Pg. 4 What is an enzyme?

Do it again pg.4 What would happen without enzymes?

Notes Cornell Style Pg. 5 Notes – Cornell Style Questions in Red Answer in blue, black or pencil Summary – 5 sentences in Green

Title = Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules

What are the Chemical reactions of life Processes of life building molecules synthesis breaking down molecules digestion + +

Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules synthesis enzymes breaking down molecules digestive enzymes enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” enzyme + enzyme We can’t live without enzymes! +

What are Enzymes A protein catalyst Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. They speed metabolic reactions.

What are some Examples synthesis enzyme + digestion enzyme +

Why are Enzymes proteins? Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase

Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate product active site enzyme

Why does shape matter! Lock & Key model shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction

2 1 3

What is some Enzyme vocabulary? helper protein molecule Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into

What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure correct order of amino acids why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature pH (acids & bases)

What is the Order of amino acids? Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA wrong shape!

Why is Temperature important? Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate

Temperature 37° human enzymes reaction rate temperature What’s happening here?! 37° reaction rate temperature

Why is pH important Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape~ Denatures most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 stomach pepsin intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH

For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!

What is Enzyme structure Active site Substrates Enzyme

What is the Lock and Key Model Substrates Product Active site Enzyme Enzyme

How do Enzymes effect chemical reactions Enzymes provide a “work place” for reactions to occur.

How many products are made? sucrose glucose + fructose

Summary Green ink 5 sentences

Do it again pg. 4 Explain the lock and key model of the enzyme substrate complex.

Out Pg. 4 Draw the diagram Label the enzyme, active site and substrates. Highlight your labels.

In Pg. 6 What is the job of an enzyme?

Do it now pg. 6 – this is review so it is long ;-( What is a hypothesis? What is the dependent and independent variable and were do they get placed in the chart and on the graph? This was review of the first quarter – you know these answers…….

Lab Pg. 7 Toothpickase Staple tape or glue the lab as a flap – so I can see both sides to page 7, after it is finished. If you are lazy and leave it laying in the lab area I will instruct my aides and students to throw it away. Lab is worth 300 pts.

In Pg. 10 What did Rosiland Franklin do?

Do it Now Pg. 10 What is X-Ray diffraction?

Title Page 1. Write the topic for the unit in the middle of the paper and box it in. 2. Divide the paper into 3 equal sections. 3. Put a subtopic/key word in each section. 4. Add an appropriate picture to each section(no stick figures). 5. Each section must have 3 different colors(black and white don’t count). Don’t use the same 3 colors for 2 different sections. DNA History 11 Use Ch 11 in the textbook Pg. 286 Unit 1: DNA and RNA DNA STRUCTURE RNA Structure and Function

Do it again Pg. 10 Who are three Scientists who took part in the history of the DNA Molecule?

Out Pg. 10 Draw a picture of DNA

Monomers=small molecules. Polymers=large molecules made of monomers bonded together.

In: pg 10 Glucose=black paper clip Galactose=white paper Lactose=1glucose bonded to 1 galactose Starch= a long chain of glucose molecules. Make one pile of glucose molecules and one pile of galactose molecules 1. Glucose and Galactose= Monomer or Polymer(pick one) Make a lactose molecule. 2. Lactose= Monomer or Polymer(pick one) Make a starch molecule(use all of your glucoses) 3. Starch= Monomer or Polymer(pick one) 4. What is the difference between a monomer and polymer?

Cornell Notes-Ch 10 DNA and RNA Thru 1-Pg 11

Monomers and Polymers Monomers are small molecules. Polymers are 2 or more monomers bonded together.

Nucleic Acids A type of polymer. 2 types—DNA and RNA Made of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotide has 3 parts: Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base Nucleotides bond together to make long molecules of DNA or RNA.

What is DNA’s purpose? DNA contains all the genetic information for the organism. It determines the traits an organism will have. It does this by coding for the proteins that an organism makes. That’s all it does----it’s a blue print for proteins

So why are proteins so important? Remember—Enzymes are proteins that are biological catalysts. They control every chemical reaction in living things. DNA controls what enzymes are made, therefore it controls the chemical reactions that make every substance in a living thing. Not all proteins are enzymes Some are structural, meaning they build our bodies. Keretin (the protein that makes up hair and nails), muscle tissue, hemoglobin(Carries oxygen in red blood cells)

Where is DNA? DNA is located in the nucleus of cells. Draw this

DNA structure A nucleotide of DNA consists of: Phosphate group Deoxribose sugar 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases Adenine(A) Guanine(G) Cytosine(C) Thymine(T)

DNA molecule Double helix (twisted ladder) 2 strands of sugar/phosphate backbones connected by a pair of bases. Bases are held together by bonds. Base Pairing Rule=says that complementary bases will always pair together in a DNA molecule. Complementary base pairs A-T C-G

RNA A nucleic acid Made in nucleolus Differences from DNA: Ribose sugar Single stranded Uracil(U)-replaces Thymine(T) Shorter than DNA Types: mRNA-messenger RNA rRNA-ribosomal RNA tRNA-transfer RNA RNA Ribose Sugar

Thru 2:pg 12-13 3 column vocab Monomer Polymer Nucleotide Nitrogenous base Transcription Translation 7. Codon 8. Nucleus 9. Ribosome 10. Amino acid 11. Protein 12. Enzyme

Out Fill in the blanks below with the terms DNA or nucleotide. A molecule of _________ is a polymer made up of monomers called ___________.

Fri.1/26 and Mon. 1/29 Lab next class: no sandals and bring something to pull back your hair with.

In: Pg. 14 BrainPop: DNA Write down 3 facts

DNA molecule Double helix (twisted ladder) 2 strands of sugar/phosphate backbones connected by a pair of bases. Bases are held together by bonds. Base Pairing Rule=says that complementary bases will always pair together in a DNA molecule. Complementary base pairs A-T C-G

With a partner Construct a DNA molecule that is 4 nucleotides long. Use any base pairings you want as long at they are complementary Use the symbols to help you put the molecule together. Tape all of the molecules in your group together to make one large molecule. Put all group members’ names on a sticky note attached to molecule and turn in for a grade.

Thru 1: pg 15 DNA: The Double Helix Read the directions and color the DNA molecule Answer the questions on the back.

Out List the base that should go in each numbered box. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 3 4 5 6

Tues. and Wed. Lab today—no sandals and hair must be pulled back.

In: pg 16 Draw the nucleotide to the left and label the sugar, phosphate and base. Nucleotide

Thru 1: pg 17 Strawberry DNA Lab Follow the directions on the sheet at your lab station and then answer the analysis questions. Draw what the DNA looked like: Describe in words what the DNA looked like: A person cannot see a single cotton thread 100 feet away, but if you wound thousands of threads together into a rope, it would be visible much further away. How is this like the DNA you saw today?(hint: was it a single thread or many) Explain. Is there DNA in the food you eat? Explain why. Why might it be important for scientists to be able to extract DNA from cells? Give 2 reasons.

Out Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. Use the words: double helix phosphate deoxyribose sugar complementary base pairs

Thurs. 2/4 and Fri. 2/5

In: pg. 18 Use the reading to fill in 8 facts about proteins.

A protein is a large polymer consisting of the elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. The monomers of proteins are called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids. These building blocks in various combinations make thousands of different kinds of proteins. Amino acids are linked together to form a protein by a bond called a peptide bond. A chain of amino acids bonded together is often called a polypeptide. Most proteins are made up of multiple polypeptide chains.

Proteins come in a large variety of shapes and sizes Proteins come in a large variety of shapes and sizes. The number and sequence of amino acids that make up a protein are important in determining its shape. For example, some amino acids have a negative charge that is attracted to a positive charge on another amino acid in the chain, causing a fold in the protein. The protein chain twists and turns as the amino acids interact. The ultimate 3 dimensional shape of the protein is extremely important to the function of the protein. If the sequence of amino acids in the protein were to change, the protein might fold differently and not be able to carry out its function.

Thru 1: Pg 19 Movie Clip: Amoeba Sisters Watch the 2 clips and complete the activity on the sheet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo- zX1k8M

Thru 2 Protein Synthesis Worksheet Pg. 21 Pg. 20 Analysis questions: Where does transcription happen? Where does translation happen? What is the role of each of these in protein synthesis? 3. Ribosome 4. DNA M RNA T RNA

Out If a strand of M RNA is 330 bases long(not counting the stop codon), how long will the protein made from it be? 330 bases=_____ amino acids

Mon. 2/8 and Tues. 2/9 Quiz #2 today-get out paper and your INB. Study Guide due next class. Test and INB check NEXT CLASS.

In: pg. 22 Using a double bubble map, compare and contrast DNA and RNA. DNA RNA Similarities Differences Differences 76

Protein Synthesis DNA→mRNA→Protein 2 parts: Transcription: DNA is copied by mRNA Happens in the nucleus Translation: mRNA is copied into a protein Happens in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

Thru 1: 23 Virtual Lab: visit the website, do the virtual lab and complete the sheet. Make sure you go through the lab 2x to do 2 different proteins.

A B Out What process does this diagram show? Use step A or step B to answer the next 2 questions. 2. Which represents transcription? 3. Which represents translation? A B

In: pg 20 What amino acid sequence would translation of the mRNA with the sequence AUGCAAGGAGCAUCC produce?