CHEMICAL REACTIONS

The Atom Electron shell Negatively charged electrons Neutrons Positively charged protons NUCLEUS

The Atom An atom has a neutral charge: number of protons = number of electrons 2 electrons can fit in the first shell of an atom & 8 in each subsequent shell Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in an atom’s nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons Number of neutrons in an atom = mass number minus atomic number

The Periodic Table Table created to group elements according to their properties Vertical columns = groups Horizontal rows = periods Group number = number of electrons in outer shell Period number = number of shells

The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table Metals vs non-metals vs metalloids

The Periodic Table

Chemical & Physical Change CHEMICAL CHANGE PHYSICAL CHANGE Produces a new substance No new substances produced Cannot be easily reversed Can be easily reversed Clues that a chemical reaction took place: light, change in temperature, colour change, gas production, smell Involves a change in state or change in shape Occurs when bonds between atoms break and new ones are formed Caused by motion, temperature & pressure E.g. cooking an egg, rusting of an iron pan, burning wood E.g. crushing a can, melting an ice cube, boiling water

Chemical OR Physical? CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL Burning paper Baking a cake Sweat cools you as it evaporates Boiling water added to instant coffee Photosynthesis Margarine is melted CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PHYSICAL PHYSICAL Burning paper – new substance produced (ashes) Baking cake – materials coming together to form new substances Sweat – water being changed from liquid to water vapour (change of state) Water & coffee – could evaporate out Photosynthesis – new products Margarine – changing state of matter only CHEMICAL PHYSICAL

Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds between atoms break and new ones are formed Reactants  Products

Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Mass: mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products i.e. all atoms present at the beginning of the reaction are present at the end of the reaction (and in the same proportion)

Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions Absorb energy from surroundings Release energy More energy at end of reaction than at end More energy at start of reaction than at end E.g. instant ice packs, photosynthesis E.g. portable hand warmers, airbags, dynamite

Acids & Bases: Characteristics Corrosive Can be corrosive Sour taste Bitter taste Slippery or soapy to touch

Acids or Bases? Lemon – citric acid Vinegar – acetic acid Gastric juices – acidic Toothpaste – basic Coffee – acidic Baking soda - basic

Acid-Base Indicators Added to a substance to determine if it is an acid or a base Litmus: Turns RED in an acid and BLUE in a base Bromothymol blue: Turns YELLOW in an acid and BLUISH-PURPLE in a base

The pH Scale Shows the relative strength of an acid or a base pH of a substance can be determined using a universal indicator Is a mixture of indicators that will change colour based on the strength of the acid or the base

The pH Scale 7 = neutral < 7 = acidic < 7 = basic Strong acids have lower numbers Strong bases have higher numbers

Neutralisation Acid + base  water + a salt Sometimes a gas is also a product Stop the effects of an acid by adding a base Stop the effects of a base by adding an acid Examples: Relieve an ant sting by adding a weak base (e.g. sodium bicarbonate – baking soda) Relieve a wasp sting by adding a weak acid (e.g. vinegar)

Neutralisation Examples Certain plants grow better in acidic/basic soils Add lime if soil too acidic Add ammonium sulfate if soil is too basic

Neutralisation Examples pH of a swimming pool should be between 7.2 – 7.8 If above 7.8, allows bacteria & microorganisms to grow  need to add an acid (e.g. sodium hydroxide) If below 7.2, swimmers will get red & stinging eyes & the water may become corrosive  need to add a base (e.g. sodium bicarbonate)

Neutralisation Examples If contents of stomach become too acidic (by eating too quickly or having too much of the wrong food) you will feel a burning sensation Can be relieved by taking an antacid, which contain weak bases (e.g. aluminium hydroxide) Burning sensation occurs due to the fact that acids are corrosive

Tooth Decay When bacteria break down food acids are produced (especially sugary foods) This acid can dissolve the enamel on your teeth Bacteria can then get inside the tooth & cause tooth decay

Acids & Metals Acid + metal  a salt + hydrogen For example: Sulfuric acid + copper  copper sulfate + hydrogen

Acid Rain As rain falls, water reacts with carbon dioxide in the air This forms a weak acid However, if there is a lot of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere, water reacts with these gases This produces sulfuric acid & nitric acid  rain is more acidic than normal

Acid Rain Sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxide come from the burning of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal & oil) Sulfur dioxide also comes from volcanoes

Acid Rain: Problems Eats into buildings & statues Damages cells on leaves & affects water flow through plants Makes plants more likely to be damaged by frost, fungi & disease

Acid Rain: Problems Accumulates in lakes, ponds, streams, making waterway more acidic (pH decreases) Some plants & animals cannot deal with these conditions and die MORE ACIDIC

Acid Rain: Problems Reacts with soil, releasing minerals (e.g. aluminium) Aluminium is washed into the waterways Poisons aquatic plants and animals

Acid Rain: Solutions Alternative ways of producing electricity Using public transport or car pooling

Types of Chemical Reactions: Combustion Combustion reaction: a substance (called a fuel) reacts with oxygen and heat is produced Fuel + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water Examples of fuels: natural gas, petrol, coal Combustion can also produce dangerous gases (e.g. carbon monoxide)

Combustion Examples Gas stoves Cars Aeroplanes Electricity Natural gas (methane) + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water Cars Fuel (octane) + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water Aeroplanes Fuel (kerosene) + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water Electricity Coal + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

Types of Chemical Reactions: Respiration Occurs in every cell in your body Is how cells produce energy Is a type of combustion reaction Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water