Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure Physiology – study of function Structure is always related to function 1-3

Levels of Organization Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue Organ – skin, femur Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human 1-4

Levels of Organization 1-5

Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes Receptors - provide information Control center - tells what a particular value should be Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment 1-10

Homeostatic Mechanisms 1-11

Body Cavities 1-12

Organ Systems 1-15

Organ Systems 1-16

Organ Systems 1-17

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsilateral versus Contralateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep 1-18

Body Sections Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median Transverse / Cross Coronal or Frontal Oblique 1-19

Abdominal Subdivisions 1-20

Body Regions 1-21

Clinical Application Medical Imaging Noninvasive procedures Provide images of soft internal structures Ultrasonography Use of high-frequency sound waves Relatively quick and inexpensive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Requires injection of dye Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and sagittal sections of area being studied 1-22