The Human Body Ch. 1

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another. Greek origin, cut (tomy) apart (ana). Physiology – the study of how the body and its parts work or function. Short version – Structure and Function.

Levels of Organization Cells – smallest living thing Tissues – group of cells with common function Organs – made of two or more tissue types and has a specific function. Organ systems – group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose. Organism – Living thing

Anatomical Position Person standing, feet forward. Arms extended to the sides, palms facing forward.

Body Planes 1. Sagittal Sagittal planes cut the body lengthwise from the head to toe. Midsagittal is when the body is cut in half so that the right and the left are equal

2. Coronal AKA frontal plane – cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

3. Transverse Cuts the body into superior and inferior sections (above and below). AKA cross section

Surface Anatomy

Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System External Covering – skin Waterproofs and protects from deep injury Regulates temp – sweat Temp, pressure, and pain receptors

2. Skeletal System Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, and Joints Point of attachment for skeletal muscles. Protection for internal organs Formation of Blood Cells Stores minerals

3. Muscular System One function – Contract (shorten) “Machines” of the body Separate from organ muscles such as the heart and bladder

4. Nervous System Fast-acting control system. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Body must be able to react to changing conditions!

5. Endocrine System Controls body using hormones. Include a number of glands around the body.

6. Cardiovascular System Heart and blood vessels – transport and pump blood Blood - transfers nutrients and other materials White Blood Cells – WBC – protect from invaders.

7. Lymphatic System Complements the cardio system. Returns fluids to the blood that leaked out. Lymph nodes clean the blood

8. Respiratory System Supply Oxygen, expel Carbon Dioxide.

9. Digestive System Hollow tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. Role – break down food and absorb nutrients. Undigested material passes as feces.

10. Urinary System Removes wastes that are produced as by-products of cellular activity Urine removes the excess nitrogen from your body Also regulates water and salt levels in the body

11. Reproductive System Primarily used to produce offspring.

Systems Work Together These aforementioned systems do not work alone, each of them work together for the common good, keeping the body alive and functioning properly.

Directional Terms Superior – above/toward the head Inferior – below/away from the head Anterior – toward the front Posterior – toward the back Medial – toward the middle Lateral – away from the middle Intermediate – not medial not lateral Proximal – Closer to the origin Distal – Further from the origin Superficial – surface Deep – Pretty self explanatory.

Homeostasis The bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment, even when the outside environment is constantly changing. Most human diseases are due to an imbalance in homeostasis of some kind.

Body Cavities 1. Dorsal Cavity Dorsal cavity is made up of the space that contains both your brain (cranial Cavity) and your spine (spinal cavity)

Ventral Cavity Ventral cavity is made up the thoracic cavity (lungs) and the abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, etc). Ventral cavity is split by the diaphragm.