PRIMATES Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human Chapter 43: Section 4 PRIMATES Include prosimians, apes, monkeys and human

Primate Characteristics Generalist Teeth (herbivorous and omnivorous teeth) Large brain parts relative to size Communication (broad range of expression and sounds) Acute Color Vision (binocular vision, depth perception) Infant Care (attention to young, mammary glands) Social Organization (groups with complex behaviors among members.) Characteristic skeletal structure (sit upright, cling) Manual Dexterity (opposable thumbs, Flattened nails for Protection)

Prosimians Most primitive primates “pre-monkeys” Nocturnal Sensitive vision Complex tactile hairs Large, movable ears Strong sense of smell Developed hand control Tropical woodlands Most are endangered VIDEO CLIP

Monkeys New World vs Old World Flat nosed Nostrils far apart and open to the side No cheek pouches No buttock pads Thumb lies in line with other digits Arboreal habitats Small to medium sized Down-facing nose Nostrils close together and open downward or forward Prominent buttock pads that they sit on Tails, but not used for grasping/holding Thumb is rotated and more opposable Wide range of habitats Generally larger

Old World Monkeys: RED New World Monkeys: Orange

Usually larger and heavier No tail More upright body posture Broad chest Rely on vision rather than smell Large brain to body size ratio *a few exceptions to these rules

GREAT APES Orangutans, Chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos and human Family Hominidae Face is almost naked Round ears No cheek pouches Thumb is shorter than fingers Distinguish color Wide range of vocalizations and facial expressions *at DNA level, human is more related to chimp, than a chimp is related to a gorilla

Anthropoids Monkeys, apes, humans Adaptations Rotating shoulder and elbow joints Opposable thumb Grasping feet (nonhuman) More complex brain structure Larger brain relative to body Similar dental formula red bald-headed uakari

Hominids Include: humans and extinct humanlike anthropoid species Bipedalism: ability to walk upright Why? Adaptations Bowl-shaped human pelvis to support internal organs Spine curves in an S shape-allows for upright posture Toes are aligned with each other and shorter than apes

Australopithecus anamensis Found 1995, Mary Leakey Kenya Similar to Chimpanzee but bipedal 4.2 mya Oldest known member of genus

Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) 1974 Afar Valley of N. Ethiopia Most complex and best preserved skeleton of prehuman hominid 3.2 mya

Australopithecus africanus Southern Africa 2.3 - 3 mya Taller/heavier than Lucy Slightly larger brain capacity Skull Spinal cord opening bottom

Australopithecus robustus Southern Africa Large teeth and jaws Different lineage than Lucy Australopithecus boisei Eastern Africa Boney ridge on crest of head Anchor large jaw muscles 2 mya

Homo habilis “handy-man” 1960s, East Africa Stone tools Body not much taller than Lucy 4 ft tall 2 mya

Homo erectus “upright human” “Java man” Thicker skull, larger brow ridges Lower forehead Large, protruding teeth 5 ft tall Crude tools and fire Hunted and cooked Lived in tribes of 20-50

Homo neaderthalensis Europe and Asia 230,000 - 30,000 yrs ago Heavy bones Thick brows Protruding jaws Lived in caves Stone scraper tools Care for dead Not sure what caused extinction

Homo sapiens Appeared in Africa 1st discovery in Cro-Magnon cave in France (Cro-Magnons) Hunted Complex patterns of social organization Sophisticated language tools

How did Homo sapiens occupy the entire globe? Multi-Regional Hypothesis Archaic form of humans left Africa 1-2 mya Modern humans evolved from them independently and simultaneously in pockets of Africa, Europe and Asia Out of Africa Hypothesis Modern humans evolved in Africa and then left in several waves of migration Replacing any earlier species

Dr. Spencer Wells Found genetic evidence, based on thousands of DNA samples taken across the world, that shows that all humans alive today have descended from a single man who lived in Africa some 60,000 years ago Y-Adam “We are all Africans under our skin”

Y Chromosome Develop genetic markers As inherited, they are passed down through generations, forming a complex story that can be traced backwards in time Each son has inherited the marker Find the point at which it first occurred…most recent common ancestor

Exodus began 60,000 - 50,000 years ago