Classification of Biodiversity Topic 5.3 Classification of Biodiversity

What are those??

Binomial Nomenclature Universal system for naming organisms Developed by Carolus Linneaus 1707-1778 2 names system (Genus & species) Written in Latin (dead language) Earliest published names for species Plants 1753 Animals 1758

Rules for Binomial Nomenclature The Genus name begins with an upper case (capital) letter and the species name with a lower case (small) letter In typed or printed text it is shown in italics Homo sapiens After it has been used once in a text, it can be abbreviated to the initial letter of the genus name and the full species name H. sapiens

Natural Classification The genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species. Will share many characteristics

Reviewing classification Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species

Advantages of Natural Classification 1. Identification of species is easier Identify domain, then kingdom…..etc 2. Because all of the members of a group in a natural classification have evolved from a common ancestor, they inherit similar characteristics

Hierarchy of Taxa Seven ranks of classification (from broadest to most specific) Domain Dumb Kingdom Kings Phylum Play Class Chess Order On Family Fine Genus Grain Species Sand

The three domains Eubacteria (prokaryotes) Archaea (prokaryotes) Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Feature Domain Histones associated with DNA Absent Proteins similar to histones Present Presence of introns Rare or absent Present in some genes Frequent Structure of cell walls Peptidoglycan Not made of peptidoglycan

Organism Corn Orca Human Grey Wolf Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Animalia Phylum Megnaliophyta Chordata Class Lilopsida Mammalia Order Poales Cetacea Primates Carnivora Family Poaceae Delphinidae Hominidae Canidae Genus Zea Orcinus Homo Canis Species mays orca sapiens lupus

Kingdoms Plantae, Anamalia, fungi, protista are the main 4 that are accepted eukaryotic kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are the other two recognized kingdoms. Those kingdoms are broken down into 35 animal phyla 12 plant phyla 7 fungi

Plant Phyla Phyla Features Example Bryophyta Lack vascular tissue (xylem/phloem) Must live near water and close to ground No roots: root like structure called rhizoids Reproduce by spores Mosses Filicinophyta Possess vascular tissue Reproduce by spores on underside of leaves Possess roots Curled divided leaflets Ferns Coniferophyta Trees or shrubs Narrow leaves (pine needles) Possess cones with pollen Pine trees

Plant phyla cont. Phyla Features Example Angiospermophyta Possess vascular tissue Possess roots, stems & leaves Produce flowers Possess ovaries where ovules are located Fertilized ovules form seeds encased in fruit Rose Sunflower

Animal Phyla Phyla Features Example Porifera Asymmetrical Body consists of pores Attached to a surface No anus or mouth Sponges Cnidaria Radial symmetry Possess stinging tentacles Jellyfish Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry Flat, unsegmented bodies No anus but has a mouth Tapeworm Planarian Annelid Segmented, round bodies Earthworm leech

Animal phyla cont. Phyla Feature Example Mollusca Bilateral symmetry Posses a foot and a mantle Unsegmented Some possess shells Possess anus and a mouth Snail Clam Octopus Arthropoda Segmented, jointed appendages Possess hard exoskeleton Has anus and mouth Insects Spiders Crustaceans Chordata Segmentation Notochord (central nerve cord) Birds Mammals Amphibians Reptiles fish

Animal Classes Currently there are 108 widely accepted animal classes. You will be responsible for 5 classes of the chordata phyla Birds, Mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish.

Characteristics of Animal classes Distinguishing characteristics Birds Warm blooded Posses hollow bones Feathers Egg layers (hard shell) Mammals Live birth Posses hair or fur Most live on land (not all) Mammary glands (nurse young) Breather with lungs Amphibians Cold blooded Eggs laid in water Posses moist, tough skin Live on land (adult) water (young/larvae) Breath with gills (water, lungs (land)

Characteristics of Animal Classes Cont. Distinguishing characeristics Reptiles Cold blooded Egg layers (leathery shell) Live on land only Possess dry, scaly skin Fish Possess scales and gills (for breathing) Lay slimy eggs Live in water (possess fins and tails for swimming)

Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms based on structures and features Each level includes two statements that refer to the same feature One will be true and one will be false The key will either identify the organism or prompt you to move on for further questioning

Sample Dichotomous Key