Biological Classification and the Living Primates LAB 10 Biological Classification and the Living Primates

Reminders If you are going to the Zoo, please give me cash if you have not already We will meet at 9:45am, to the right of the ticket counter Exams, pick up a copy and you can do questions 1-34 over for half credit

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS 200 million years ago, in Mesozoic Era, mammals appeared Traits: have live young, fur, large brains, different teeth, constant body temperature Homologous features/homologies: features a group shares because of common ancestry Analogies: features may function or look the same, but they are not related through ancestry

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS Convergent Evolution: Two species not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Kangaroos and elephants have 6 sets of molars Parallel Evolution: independent evolution of similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral condition. Flying lemurs, flying squirrels, sugar gliders

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

HOMOLOGY VS ANALOGY Practice: 1. arm of a dolphin and a human? 2. bat wing and bird wing? 3. tail of cat and crocodile? 4. lack of tail in humans and apes?

HOMOLOGY VS ANALOGY Practice: 1. arm of a dolphin and a human? Homology 2. bat wing and bird wing? Analogy 3. tail of cat and crocodile? Analogy (Convergent Evolution) 4. lack of tail in humans and apes? Homology

PRIMITIVE AND DERIVED FEATURES Primitive features: “original” features, the ones our ancestors had Derived features: any features that have changed or have new adaptations over time Examples: Mammals can have thumbs but primates have opposable thumbs

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Binomial nomenclature: two-name system, specifically genus and species, in Latin Example: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Pongidae Genus Pongo Species pygmaeus

ALTERNATIVES Taxonomy is science of naming things Can also classify things based on Recency of divergence from ancestor To what extent the groups diverged (how much change)

ORDER PRIMATES To be in this group, must have most or all of the “primate” characteristics: Nails, opposable thumbs, emphasis on vision, postnatal dependency, enlarged brain, etc. Diet is very important, and we see evidence of this in dentition Folivore Frugivore Gramnivore Gummivore

PRIMATE CLASSIFICATION Two major suborders Strepsirhini (Prosimians) Comma shaped nostril Primitive characters Unique traits: grooming claw and tooth comb Lemur, loris, galago Haplorhini (Anthropoids) Simple nostril Human-like Monkeys of NW, monkeys, apes, humans of OW

PRIMATE CLASSIFICATION Traditionally, the classification was Prosimians vs. Anthropoids Everything was the same, but the tarsier did not fit with either. We now use new system so that tarsier has a place. They are still unique, but are now placed with Haplorhines

ORDER PRIMATES The Handout….... Use this to study and help review It will help you greatly

Strepsirhine Small brain No postorbital closure Lateral orbits Unfused mandible Pointy molars Longer snout Moist nose Split upper lip Toothcomb Grooming claw Haplorhine Larger brain Postorbital closure Forward orbits Fused mandible* Flat molars* Shorter snout Dry nose Complete lip Nails* *except tarsier

STREPSIRHINE

TARSIIFORMS Tarsiers Vertical clinging and leaping Huge eyes because nocturnal Unfused mandible Grooming claw Pointy molars They have a mixture of primitive and derived traits

TARSIER

PLATYRRHINES NW monkeys (Central/S America) Only monkeys! Nostrils on the side 2-1-3-3…extra premolar Some have prehensile tails No bony ear tube Cebids: spider monkeys, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, tamarins, marmosets

CATARRHINES Monkeys, apes, humans in OW (Africa, Asia) Nostrils face down 2-1-2-3 Bony ear tube Regular tail or lack of tail

CERCOPITHECOIDS Monkeys of OW Bilophodont molars Regular tail Examples: baboons, vervets, colobus, macaques, langurs

HOMINOIDS Apes and humans of OW Largest brain size Y-5 molar no tail Examples: (gibbon: lesser ape), orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans

The Plan…..... Today: Exercise 9, the Living Primates and Zoo prep Do exercise 9.3 For the Zoo, turn to page 95: review in groups what the plan and terms you will need to know Bring page 98-99 to the zoo with something to write on/with Hints: its going to be hot, be ready/Good walking shoes/Sun Screen Extra credit hand out on your desks, worth 25 points-If you choose to do this I need to sign your hypothesis today.