The science of naming organisms. Taxonomy The science of naming organisms.

Why Classify? We all have systems of organization. Systems that categorize, simplify, identify, look for similarities and differences… Why is it important in our lives? why is it important in science?

Aristotle Did It Plant or animal? If an animal, does it Fly Swim Crawl Simple classifications Used common names 384-322 BC. Dad was Nichomachus, also a famous Greek philosopher. Studied and taught at Plato’s academy for 20 years. Tutor of Alexander the Great.

Carolus Linnaeus did it better Father of modern classification Based his system on homologous structures Developed binomial nomenclature First word = genus name (capitalized) Second word = species name (not capitalized) 1707-1778. Swedish. Botany Zoology. At the time the most acclaimed scientist in Europe.

Why binomial nomenclature? Much easier than a 10+ word name under old “polynomial system” Same name no matter where you go Less confusion Names used to be… “Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their undersides and not teeth around their edges.”

Taxonomic hierarchy Names organisms and their relationships from very broad to very specific

Scientific Names You Need to Know Homo sapiens Canis lupus Felis domesticus Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanus Humans Wolf Cat Brown Bear Polar Bear American Black Bear

Record the taxa for Homo sapian: Domain- Kingdom - Phylum- Class- Order- Family- Genus- Species- Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens

What is a species anyway? Species- A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce viable offspring How many are out there? Scientists currently estimate that There are 10 million species worldwide Over 5 million live in the tropics Most unnamed species are small or microscopic

Why is taxonomy useful? Helps prevent confusion among scientists Helps to show how organisms are related Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies – evolutionary histories – of an organism or group

Traditional vs Modern Taxonomy Linneaus (1700’s) 2 Kingdoms (KPCOFGS) Based on homologous structures Modern (2000’s) 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms (DKPCOFGS) Based on evolutionary relationships (DNA, proteins, embryology, fossil record, homologous structures

A note on cladograms Cladogram- diagram that show evolutionary relationships (phylogenies) Graph showing when different groups diverged from a common ancestral line Points where they diverge are often noted with a feature that was different between ancestral group and a “new” feature in the group that split off.

Bird Cladogram

Dichotomous Keys Important Things About Using A Dichotomous Key Start at the beginning Decide which of the two statements is best (READ BOTH STATEMENTS!!!)

Dichotomous Key Activity Activity Objectives: Create a dichotomous classification key to key out 8 individual conifer specimens Name each specimen using proper punctuation and capitalization associated with binomial nomenclature.

Classification vs. Cladogram

The 6 kingdoms Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes - 1.Eubacteria 2.Archaebacteria Eukaryotes 3.Fungi 4.Protista 5.Animal 6.Plantae

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Archaebacteria Unicellular Live in extreme environments Prokaryotic Eubacteria “Common bacteria”

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or colonial Lots of different life styles Fungi Cell walls made of chitin Multicellular External heterotrophs

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Plantae Eukaryotic & Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Autotrophic Animalia No cell walls Internal heterotrophs

Vocab to review Taxonomy Classification Dom,King, Phyl, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Binomial Nomenclature Autotrophs/ Heterotrophs 6 Kingdoms- Eukaryotes/Prokaryote Dichotomous Key Cladogram

Practice Questions A tool often found in a field guide that is used to identify organisms is called Cladogram Binomial Nomenclature Dichotomous Key taxonomy

2. Organisms that eat other organisms for food are called _________________. 3. The two part naming system developed by Linneus is called _________________. 4. The geologic timeline covers a very long time, how far does the current timeline go back? (How old is the earth?)

5. Which of the following domain includes organisms that can be found in extreme temperatures of deep sea vents? Bacteria Eukarya Archae Animalia

6. Humans are Ingestive autotrophs Absorptive autotrophs Ingestive heterotrophs Absorptive heterotrophs

7. In Aristotole’s system of classification, animals are grouped according to their Size Habitat Structrue ancestors

8. Unicellular eukaryotes belong to the kingdom ______________. 9 8. Unicellular eukaryotes belong to the kingdom ______________? 9. Unicellular prokaryotes that are found in the back of your refrigerator are called ___________? 10. Organisms that lack a nuclear membrane are called _______________?