Chapter 23 Pregnancy Prevention Lesson 23.1 Family Planning and the Role of Abstinence Lesson 23.2 Condoms and Other Barrier Methods Lesson 23.3 Hormonal Methods, IUDs, and Emergency Contraception Lesson 23.4 Natural Methods and Sterilization

Family Planning and the Role of Abstinence Lesson 23.1 Family Planning and the Role of Abstinence

Warm-Up What do you already know about pregnancy prevention? Make a list of pregnancy prevention methods that you already know about. Add to your list as you learn about more methods in this chapter. Maridav/iStock/thinkstock.com

Family Planning The process of making choices about having children, including number of children and number of years between them More people are choosing to remain childless or to postpone parenthood Family planning allows people to wait until they are financially secure and ready to have children Monkey Business Images/shutterstock.com

Birth Control Methods Also called contraception Each couple must choose the method that is best for them People can consult a healthcare professional if they have questions Some choose abstinence instead of other birth control methods Photographee.eu/shutterstock.com

Myth or Fact? Are the following statements myths or facts? A woman cannot become pregnant the first time she has sex. MYTH Fact: If a woman has unprotected sex or uses a form of birth control that is not 100% effective, she can become pregnant any time she has sex, including her first time. A woman cannot become pregnant during her period. Fact: Although it is unlikely, it is possible for a woman to become pregnant during her period. Girls younger than 18 years of age cannot become pregnant. Fact: Girls younger than 18 years of age can and do become pregnant.

Abstinence The decision to and practice of not engaging in sexual activity The only pregnancy prevention method that is 100% effective Prevents pregnancy as well as STIs and HIV/AIDS Allows time for other parts of life Syda Productions/shutterstock.com

What are some reasons for teenagers to reduce their risk of pregnancy? Physical health risks for the mother Physical health risks for the child Financial burden Disrupted education Economic consequences Social and emotional health risks

Birth Control Methods Factors to consider when selecting a birth control method The ultimate goal (pregnancy prevention, STI and HIV/AIDS prevention) Cost and availability Reversible versus permanent Ease of use bokan/shutterstock.com

Condoms and Other Barrier Methods Lesson 23.2 Condoms and Other Barrier Methods

Barrier Methods These methods physically block fertilization by preventing sperm from reaching the ovum Some protect users from STIs and HIV/AIDS and others do not No barrier method is 100% effective in preventing STIs Men and women say that some barrier methods work well for them, but find others to be less “user friendly”

Condoms Male condoms are worn on the penis during sexual intercourse Female condoms are similar to a pouch, which is inserted into a woman’s vagina Some condoms include spermicide, a substance that inactivates sperm kaarsten/shutterstock.com

Condoms do not have an expiration date. Myth or Fact? Condoms do not have an expiration date. MYTH Fact: Condoms can become dry, brittle, and ineffective over time. The expiration date should always be checked, and expired condoms should be discarded. Male condoms can be reused. Fact: Condoms should never be reused. Always use a new condom for each erection.

Contraceptive Sponge A barrier method that blocks sperm from entering the uterus A plastic foam sponge about two inches in diameter Inserted into a woman’s vagina and positioned to cover her cervix Does not prevent STIs or HIV/AIDS Garo/Phanie/Science Source

Diaphragm and Cervical Cap Flexible, cup-shaped disk that covers the cervix Requires a doctor’s exam and prescription Cervical cap Flexible cup that covers a woman’s cervix Lalocracio/iStock.com Gary Parker/Science Source

Hormonal Methods, IUDs, and Emergency Contraception Lesson 23.3 Hormonal Methods, IUDs, and Emergency Contraception

The Birth Control Pill Also known as oral contraceptives Contain hormones that reduce the likelihood of pregnancy The pill prevents ovulation, which means there is no ovum for sperm to fertilize A doctor’s exam is required to use the birth control pill Two types: combination pill and progesterone-only pill Research about male contraception is ongoing Jacob Kearns/shutterstock.com

Birth Control Patch A thin 2- to 3-inch plastic patch applied to the skin like a bandage Contains the hormones estrogen and progesterone Prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus to slow sperm’s movement to the uterus A new patch is worn each week for 3 weeks; no patch is worn during the 4th week Image Point Fr/shutterstock.com

Critical Thinking How do the vaginal ring, birth control shot, and birth control implant prevent pregnancy? All three of these birth control methods release hormones that inhibit ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) A small, T-shaped device that contains hormones Inserted into the uterus by a doctor Paraguard Thought to interfere with sperm movement, fertilization, and implantation Mirena Inhibits ovulation Image Point Fr/shutterstock.com

Emergency Contraception Contraceptive method that can be used to prevent pregnancy if other birth control fails or has been used incorrectly Plan B Pill that contains female hormones to prevent ovulation Available at drugstores with a prescription Jovan Mandic/shutterstock.com

Natural Methods and Sterilization Lesson 23.4 Natural Methods and Sterilization

Fertility Awareness Method A natural birth control method in which couples plan sexual intercourse for times when a woman is least fertile and avoid sexual intercourse during times of high fertility Different types Temperature method Cervical mucus method Calendar method wavebreakmedia/shutterstock.com

The Cycle of Fertility The menstrual cycle ranges from 21 to 40 days, with an average of 28 days Generally, sexual intercourse on only 7 of those days can result in fertilization and pregnancy A woman needs to determine when she ovulates to use any of the fertility awareness methods

Critical Thinking How can a woman use her body temperature as a way of being aware of her fertility? A woman’s body temperature rises slightly after ovulation and stays higher than normal for most of the remainder of that menstrual cycle. By determining when her body temperature rises, a woman can determine when she ovulates, and plan sexual intercourse accordingly. What is the least reliable natural method of birth control? Withdrawal; it is difficult to time correctly and requires self-control. Withdrawal results in many pregnancies and does not protect from STIs.

Sterilization A surgical contraceptive method in which a person is rendered permanently unable to conceive children The only permanent birth control method This option must be considered carefully because this surgery can’t always be reversed Jack Frog/shutterstock.com

Which couples would be best suited to sterilization? Adults who know they do not want to have children Adults who find other birth control methods unacceptable for various reasons Adults who have a hereditary illness they do not wish to pass on Adults who feel they are emotionally or financially unable to start a family Which couples should not choose sterilization? Adults who might want children Adults who are being pressured Adults reacting to other personal problems

When Contraception Fails If contraception fails and a woman decides to end the pregnancy, she can get an abortion An abortion is a surgical procedure that ends a pregnancy that has already begun; it is not a pregnancy prevention method This decision should be made only after careful consideration Alex Raths/iStock/thinkstock.com