The Body’s Physical Systems Chapter 2

The Neuron

Neural Communication

Neural Communication Neurotransmitter Receiving cell molecule membrane Receptor site on receiving neuron Agonist mimics effects Antagonist blocks

CNS: Forebrain Telencephalon Diencephalon Corpus callosum Limbic System Cerebrum Diencephalon Thalamus & Hypothalamus

The Limbic System

Brain stem

The Cerebral Cortex

The Nervous System Central (brain and spinal cord) Nervous system Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) Peripheral

Sympathetic Nervous system

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The Endocrine System

The Digestive System

The Digestive System Disorders Peptic Ulcers sores usually in the duodenum Hepatitis Viral inflammation of the liver Cirrhosis Cancer

Metabolism Basal Metabolic Rate Exercise Metabolic Rate Dietary Thermogenesis

The Cardiovascular System Heart Myocardium Atria and Ventricles Blood and Blood Flow http://www.innerbody.com/image/card02.html

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Blood Pressure Systole & Diastole Fluid Dynamics Systolic: max force from  contraction Diastolic: pressure between  contractions Fluid Dynamics Cardiac output Blood volume Peripheral resistance Elasticity of vessels Viscosity of blood

Blood Pressure Other factors that affect BP Hypertension Emotions: SNS Environmental Temperature Activity levels Hypertension <140 mmHg systolic, <90 mmHg diastolic Risk factors family Hx body weight age gender race

Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Atherosclerosis Ateriosclerosis Myocardial Infarction Angina Pectoris Stroke Aneurism

Immune System Organs of the immune system lymphocytes: white blood cells from lymphatic or lymphoid organs: bone marrow thymus lymph nodes spleen originate in bone marrow, migrate to thymus, mature into leukocytes lymph nodes capture antigens and hold lymphocytes lymph vessels ultimately empty into blood supply can spread cancer cells spleen filters blood

Soldiers of the Immune System White blood cells phagocytes: nonspecific immunity macrophages and monocytes lymphocytes: respond to specific antigens T-cells: cell-mediated immunity Killer T cells Helper T cells Memory T cells Suppressor T cells

Soldiers of the Immune System B-cells: antibody-mediated immunity B-cells become plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins - Ig) Ig’s attach to antigen and identify it for destruction Memory B-cells

The Immune Response Primary vs. Secondary Response First lines of defense skin mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts Next: non-specific and specific immune processes phagocytes, B-cells, helper T-cells destroy antigen Finally: killer T-cells destroy invaded cells

Auto-immune Diseases Rheumatoid arthritis: joints Rheumatic fever: heart muscle Multiple Sclerosis: myelin Lupus erythematosus: skin and kidneys Narcolepsy: “sleep attacks”