Day 52 – Theme, Story of an Hour Participial phrases and Gerunds

Agenda Warm up Gerunds Theme Notes The Story of an Hour Closure

Objectives Understand and identify theme as it is used in fiction. Identify symbolic meanings in a text and utilize these to determine theme. Homework: Lord of the Flies Chapters 9-12 are due 11/17 Quiz tomorrow- participles Complete The story of an Hour and questions

Warm Up Break down the sentences. Gerry, jumping from the train, showed great courage in the face of danger. I hate driving the old car with its cracked windows and rusted paint. Mom and Dad are going to a writing conference for the weekend.

Grammar Notes Gerunds What are they? How are they different from participles?

Gerunds Jog jogging A gerund is a verb form used as a noun. The gerund can be formed by adding –ing to the present tense of the verb: Jog jogging Jogging at night without reflective gear can be dangerous.

An object of the preposition: Gerunds can be used as: A subject: Jogging is a popular form of exercise. A direct object: My sister enjoys jogging. Enjoys what? jogging An object of the preposition: These shoes are made for jogging. A Predicate Nominative My favorite hobby is jogging.

Gerund Phrases Like participles, gerunds can have a direct object. To find out whether or not the gerund has a direct object, begin with the gerund and ask the following question: Gerund + whom/what? = direct object

Gerund Phrases Example: Giving the money proved a mistake. Giving + What? = money Money is the direct object of the gerund.

Gerund Phrases Gerund phrases can also have indirect objects: To find out whether or not the gerund phrase has an indirect object, begin with the gerund, locate the direct object, then ask the question to/for whom/what?

Gerund Phrase Example: Giving Jerry the money proved a mistake. Giving + what = money (direct object) Giving money to/for whom? = Jerry Jerry is the indirect object of the gerund phrase.

Gerund Phrases Gerund phrases can also have prepositional phrases in them: Giving Jerry the money on Friday night proved a major mistake. Since on Friday night tells when? The prepositional phrase functions as an adverb. It completes the gerund phrase.

Summary of Noun Functions What? + main verb = subject Subject + verb + what = direct object Subject + Linking verb + what = predicate nominative Subject + verb + Direct Object + to/for what? = indirect object Preposition + gerund phrase = object of the preposition.

Gerund Worksheet Complete the gerund worksheet online. Turn it in when complete. Make sure your name is at the top.

1. Elephants have excellent hearing. 2. The band raised money by washing cars. 3. We thanked Ted for finding the dog. 4. I like reading mysteries. 5. The driver avoided a collision by turning sharply. 6. Speaking another language is an advantage. 7. Thank you for listening. 8. Dieting requires self-discipline.

9. The crew completed the filming in a month and a half. 10. Flying a glider must be difficult. 11. Kristin is good at solving math problems. 12. Roller skating is good exercise. 13. Robin stays in shape by playing tennis. 14. Stella enjoys planning parties. 15. Leonardo da Vinci invented shoes for walking on water.

Theme in Fiction

Theme

Good readers can identify the THEME of a fictional story.

REVIEW…. The five literary elements found in fiction 1. Characters : who 2. Setting: where/when 3. Plot: how – 4. Conflict: what 5. THEME: WHY

Theme A theme is... –The author’s central message or idea in a story. –Expressed in a general statement. –Is about human beings or about life.

A theme is NOT... A theme is... • A message or idea Non-example: • Stated in a sentence • An author’s observation about human nature. • Found in all literary elements of a story: characters, setting, plot, and conflict. • Arguable. Implied; not directly stated. • Applicable to multiple texts. • Example: Hard work results in success. A theme is NOT... A moral A lesson Advice A “you” statement Fortune cookie message One word A summary Non-example: “Slow and steady wins the race.”

Theme The theme is a generalization about life, but it should not be larger than the terms of the story (some, sometimes, may are more accurate than every, all, always). Every detail and character action must contribute to the theme. There is no one way to state the theme.

Have you read a book with one of these themes? There is beauty in simplicity Death is unavoidable Loneliness is a destructive force Knowledge is power Ignorance is weakness Love is transformative Relationships are dependent on sacrifice

BIG IDEAS: Ambition •Perseverance • Jealousy • Fear • Beauty • Prejudice • Loneliness • Freedom • Betrayal • Suffering Loyalty • Happiness • Duty •Redemption • Truth • Love

Still having trouble? Think about... • Symbols that reoccur • Patterns in the story • Details that stand out from the rest • The title

Possible Theme Statements for The Three Little Pigs Work hard for success. Hard work will eventually lead to positive outcomes. Work hard the first time and get the job done properly. Ignorance can lead to deception.

Steps to Identifying Theme: Read the title. Does it reveal anything? Does the meaning of the title change as you read the story? 2. Examine the details of the story and the bearing of the character. What is the conflict? How does the protagonist deal with the conflict? 3. Identify the tone of the story. Analyze the author’s diction, details, imagery, and syntax. Are there certain repetitions of words, phrases, actions, or events? 4. Analyze the resolution. What is the author trying to say by ending the narrative this way? How would the outcome change in an alternate ending? What might the comparison suggest?

Theme in Practice The Story of an Hour

Read “The Story of an Hour” And respond to the questions in a Google doc

Lord of the Flies Time Take out your LotF book and read. This is a good time to answer the study guide questions and annotate. Based on our lecture, annotate for symbolism in LotF.

Closure - 3,2,1 Write: 3 things you learned about symbolism today. 2 examples of Gerund phrases. 1 question you have regarding the lecture.