The Bourbon Triumvirate Reconstruction ended in 1870 Many felt it was time to REDEEM the South REDEEM - To Change for the Better

The Bourbon Triumvirate Bourbon = Referred to the powerful French ruling class Triumvirate = 3 3 Powerful Leaders of our state

The Bourbon Triumvirate Group of three powerful Democrats: Joseph E. Brown Alfred H. Colquitt John B. Gordon

The Bourbon Triumvirate Each were key figures of the Civil War Rotated as governor and U.S. Senator from the 1870s to 1890s Several common interests

The Bourbon Triumvirate Wanted to develop railroads and mining More industry in the South Insisted on low taxes Believed in White Supremacy

The Bourbon Triumvirate Fewer Services provided by the gov. Restore the Democrats to power

The Bourbon Triumvirate Two Major Goals: Encourage business and industry in Georgia Build a New South that was economically powerful

Joseph E. Brown 1849 - Elected to the Georgia General Assembly 1855 - Became a state judge 1857 - elected governor of Georgia

Alfred H. Colquitt 1853 - elected to U.S. House of Representative 1859 - Served in Georgia General Assembly Strongly supported secession

Alfred H. Colquitt 1861 - Elected to the Georgia Secession Convention Joined the Confederate Army Distinguished military career

Alfred H. Colquitt After the war: Elected governor of Georgia twice Elected to the U.S. Senate twice

John B. Gordon Fought for the Confederates in the Civil War Outspoken opponent of Reconstruction Leader of the Georgia chapter of the KKK

The Bourbon Triumvirate group of three (Brown, Colquitt, Gordon)—wanted to strengthen economic ties with the North, while keeping white supremacy—considered old Southern traditions Successes State taxes lowered State war debts reduced Business and industry expanded Failures Did not improve lives of poor Education suffered Did not reform prisons Poor working conditions in factories

Henry Grady Born in Athens, GA Promoted the “New South” Managing editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution

Henry Grady Used the newspaper to promote his views Wanted to industrialize the South Wanted to diversify agriculture

Henry Grady Tried to lobby northern investors to send financial aid Brought the International Cotton Expositions to Atlanta Help create GA Tech

Henry Grady Grady had his critics: Georgia’s farmers - Too much focus on industry Elected officials of other cities - bias in favor of Atlanta

Henry Grady Identified as the “Spokesman of the New South” Dead at age 39

Henry Grady Grady County Grady Hospital University of Georgia’s Grady School of Journalism

The International Cotton Exposition Atlanta, GA Atlanta hosted three International Cotton Expositions Promote growth of industry In 1881, 1885, and 1895 Similar to a World’s Fairs

The International Cotton Exposition Atlanta, GA Rebuilding of Atlanta Tried to lure northern businesses to the south Heavily promoted by Henry Grady

The International Cotton Exposition Atlanta, GA Promote industry and diversification of crops in the South Events were effective Displayed Atlanta’s “rise from the ashes” Atl the leading city of the South

Tom Watson & the Populists Popular and controversial Supported the farmers = against the growth of industry in the South Concerned for the African American farmer

Tom Watson & the Populists 1882 - Elected to the Georgia General Assembly Public education for all Georgians

Tom Watson & the Populists Angry with the policies of the New South Resigned before the end of his term 1890 - adopted policies of the Farmers Alliance/Populist Party

Tom Watson & the Populists Pushed lower taxes for the poor farmer Elected to the U.S. Congress In Congress, helped to pass the Rural Free Delivery Act (RFD)

Tom Watson & the Populists 1892 - lost his reelection bid to Congress Both races strongly supported him 1896 - Populist or “People’s Party” picked him to run for vice-president

Tom Watson & the Populists Ran for president in 1904 and 1908 Populists did not receive many votes Returned to Georgia to run in state and local races

Watson runs for President Candidate for the Populist Party (People’s Party)

Tom Watson & the Populists 1904 - changed his progressive views toward race Became an aggressive white supremacist Targeted African-Americans, Catholics and Jews

Tom Watson & the Populists Ran his own newspaper/magazine, The Jeffersonian Used it to express his political, social, and economic viewpoints It was popular in the South and even in northern cities such as New York

Jim Crow Laws African-Americans = many rights in the 1870s White Democrats = ways to take them away Jim Crow laws were created to discriminate

Jim Crow Laws Named after a fictional (fake) black ministerial character Took away most of the citizenship rights of African-Americans

Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws blocked educational, economic, and social growth and opportunities for most Southerners, both black and white.

Jim Crow Laws Blacks could not vote or serve on juries Denied many basic rights of a US citizen SEGREGATION (Separation of the races) became acceptable

Jim Crow Laws Segregation included: Separate schools public transportation water fountains and bathrooms graveyards and Bibles used to swear on in courts

Jim Crow Laws Interracial marriage between the races was strictly forbidden Lynching was used in largely rural areas to enforce the social order of segregation From 1882-1930, 482 African-Americans were lynched in Georgia, second only to Mississippi.

Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL June 7, 1892 - Louisiana Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in the “Whites Only” section of a railcar It was a planned protest

Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL He was 1/8th black and “could pass for white” Identified himself as a black man Wanted to challenge Louisiana’s segregation laws

Homer Plessy He was 1/8th black and “could pass for white” However he identified himself as a black man

Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL Case went to Supreme Court Court ruled against Plessy Known as “separate but equal” law

Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL The court’s ruling stated: 14th and 15th Amendments gave blacks political rights BUT No social rights “As long as facilities were equal for both races they could be separate.”

Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT EQUAL Southern states, including Georgia, separated all aspects of life Separate theaters/movie houses Separate rail and streetcars Separate bathrooms

Plessy v. Ferguson SEPARATE BUT “EQUAL” Facilities -definitely separate but they were not equal 1930 - Average white school in the state spent about $43 dollars per student $10 per student in all black schools.

→ Denying the Right to Vote Disenfranchisement → Denying the Right to Vote

Disenfranchisement Examples of Disenfranchisement: Poll Taxes (1877) - Taxes on voting Most poor blacks and many poor whites could not pay Tax waived for poor whites

Disenfranchisement

Disenfranchisement The White Primary (1900): The White Primary did not allow African-Americans to vote in the all- important primary elections

Disenfranchisement Literacy Tests (1908) Most blacks = no education Many could not read or write MUST pass these tests in order to vote

Disenfranchisement Some whites were “passed” by polling officials Many educated blacks “failed the test” and were unable to vote - Didn’t really fail, told they did...

Disenfranchisement A Harvard educated man in Mississippi was given the literacy test in English, German, and French. He passed all three. Finally he was given a test in Mandarin Chinese. When asked, “what does this say” the man said in disgust, “It says you do not want me to vote.”

Disenfranchisement The Grandfather Clause (1890-1910) Used to allow some poor white citizens the opportunity to vote Still denied the right to blacks

Disenfranchisement Laws said: If your father could vote or Grandfather fought in the Civil War they could vote

Racial Violence New South = Racial Violence Example - The Atlanta Race Riot Example - 400 lynchings were carried out from 1880 - 1930

Racial Violence Lynchings were done by the KKK The Klan members were judges, policemen, ministers, and other community leaders

1906 Atlanta Race Riot 48-Hour Riot (September 22-24) Caused by a series of local newspaper articles They claimed black men were attacking white women

1906 Atlanta Race Riot Articles = not true Real reason - whites upset about competition for their jobs From blacks

1906 Atlanta Race Riot Whites also claimed the black upper class was getting too far ahead Whites were jealous of successful black business leaders (Alonzo Herndon) Georgia governor’s candidates based their campaigns on white supremacy (Hoke Smith and Clarke Howell)

1906 Atlanta Race Riot The morning of the riot - Four articles published about assaults on white women Group of mostly unemployed white men and boys gathered in downtown Atlanta They wanted revenge - not knowing they were all false attacks

1906 Atlanta Race Riot City officials tried to calm the mob Men began attacking any black that they saw Went into the black businesses - killing and beating black men to death

1906 Atlanta Race Riot Georgia militia was called in Black began to arm themselves and fought off their attackers Fights continued to break out all the next day

1906 Atlanta Race Riot Riot caused unwanted negative national and international attention Atlanta business leaders, both black and white came together to end the riot The long-term effect of the riot was deeper segregation

Booker T. Washington Born a slave in Virginia Educator, author, orator, and political activist After emancipation, moved to West Virginia

Booker T. Washington Attended two colleges (Hampton University and Virginia Union University) Went back to Hampton as a teacher

Booker T. Washington Head of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama Received financial support from many northern business leaders and politicians

Booker T. Washington Leader in the African-American community Support network of black ministers, teachers, civil, and business leaders

Booker T. Washington Told blacks to work hard and accept where you are Accept what they had before gaining full civil rights He was criticized by individuals and groups for these ideals

Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise speech at International Cotton Expo Ideas of cooperation and the “going slow” approach “Dignify and Glorify Common Labor” - Be happy with what you have, civil rights will come

W.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) Originally supported many of Washington’s beliefs “fight for your civil rights” Against Washington’s accepting approach

W.E.B. DuBois Developed the concept of “the talented tenth” Elite group of college educated African- Americans Use their talents to help end segregation

W.E.B. DuBois Graduated from Fisk in 1888 Received a Master’s degree from Harvard University in 1891 Earned a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1896

W.E.B. DuBois Helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

W.E.B. DuBois Became an important figure in the early Civil Rights Movement NAACP pushed his plan for immediate social and political rights for all African-Americans

Alonzo Herndon 1878 - left Social Circle with $11 dollars Learned the barbering trade in Senoia, GA Started his own barber shop in Jonesboro

Alonzo Herndon Moved to Atlanta Hired as a barber and became a partner in the business Opened three barber shops

Alonzo Herndon “The best barber shop in the South” Hung crystal chandeliers with gold fixtures - The Crystal Palace Herndon’s barber shop became the first choice of Atlanta’s white business and political leaders

Alonzo Herndon Began to invest in real estate. Acquired over 100 homes and a large commercial block of real estate on Auburn Avenue

Alonzo Herndon Founded the Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance Company Offered insurance coverage to African-Americans Hired college educated African- Americans to work

Alonzo Herndon Known for running a fair and equitable business 1920s - company changed its name to the Atlanta Mutual Life Insurance Today - Atlanta Life Financial Group is worth over 100 million dollars Constantly ranked as one of the top black owned financial companies

Alonzo Herndon Also active in social and political organizations One of the 29 businessmen to help organize the Niagara Movement (NAACP) Supported the YMCA, Atlanta University, and Diana Pace orphanages

The Leo Frank Case April 26, 1913 Mary Phagan (13) went to National Pencil Factory She was going to collect her pay check

The ליאו פרנק Case Paid by Leo Frank She never returned home Later that evening, her body was found in the basement of the factory

The ליאו פרנק Case Public demanded justice 3 suspects in the case Night watchmen who found the body (Newt Lee) Jim Conley - the factory’s janitor The manager - Leo Frank who was Jewish

Jim Conley Factory Janitor Accused Killer of Mary Phagan

Newt Lee Night Watchman, Newt Lee Found the body of Mary Phagan

The ליאו פרנק Case Evidence existed that helped and hurt Frank Jury believed Jim Conley’s 4 different accounts that it was Frank Frank = convicted - sentenced to death (Anti-semitism)

The ליאו פרנק Case Many Jewish groups from both the North and South began funding Frank’s court appeals Tom Watson began a campaign against Frank and Northern Jews in his newspaper and magazine After several appeals, Frank did not receive a pardon

The ליאו פרנק Case Conley’s lawyer, William Smith, began to change his mind Convinced Governor John Slaton to reopen the case Gov. Slaton- not enough evidence Didn’t allow death sentence of Leo Frank

The ליאו פרנק Case The public was outraged Slaton was nervous and called out militia Had been very popular, now had to secretly move from GA

The ליאו פרנק Case Public feared Frank would eventually be released Elite community members of Marietta drove to Milledgeville where Frank was being held They walked in and removed Frank

The ליאו פרנק Case They drove him back up to Marietta They called themselves the “Knights of Mary Phagan” They lynched him

The ליאו פרנק Case Residents posed for photographs next to his body These photos were sold as souvenirs

Flash forward around 70 years The ליאו פרנק Case Flash forward around 70 years Leo Frank in the news. ( 1982 )

The ליאו פרנק Case 1986 - Georgia State Board of Pardons finally pardoned Leo Frank What does this mean?