Political Units Many of the terms used in government originated in Greece and Rome, such as: Politics: Polis-Greek: meaning city Democracy: demos’ meaning whole citizen living within a particular city-state; ‘kratos’ meaning power or rule. (Gov of, for and by the people who have say) Republic (Gov. where the people have supreme control)

Fathers of Representative Government AKA: Western Tradition Socrates Plato Aristotle

Socrates (470-399) Earliest of the Greek Philosophers True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about life, ourselves, and the world around us. ***Socrates*** Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.

Plato (437-347) Greek scholar and student of Socrates. Expanded Socrates theory of representative government that has become known as Western Tradition

Aristotle (384-322) Student of Plato and a Greek scholar; known as one of the first true students of representative government (Western Tradition) in the Greek city-states. “The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.” ***Aristotle***

State and Country A State and a Country basically are the same thing. State come from the Latin word stare “meaning to stand” In the US the words “State” has a different meaning. When the 13 colonies were in existence each state considered itself a separate nation. Not until our Declaration of Independence created our government did we united all state into one Nation called the “United States.”

4 Features (qualifications) of a State: Specific Population (people) 2. Political Boundaries (borders) 3. Sovereignty (The people have supreme power within it’s borders with no outside control) 4. Government (maintain order)

Nation The term nation refers to an independent state or nation A nation, country and state can often times mean the same thing.

Theories of State How countries (or states) have been created has changed over time. Here are the 4 main ways countries have been created through time! The four basic theories of state are: 1. Evolutionary Theory (evolves thru family) 2. Force Theory (use of military to govern) 3. Devine Right Theory (God given right to rule) 4. Social Contact Theory (contract between people and Government)

Evolutionary Theory The believe that countries or states were created through the family and leadership was passed down through the family Monarchy Egs: Ottoman (Turkey), Safivid (Iran and Iraq), Mughal (N. India), Qing and Ming Dynasties (China) Ancient World History

Force Theory The nation or state was created through force (military) through a small group Persian Empire, Greece (Athens vs. Sparta),Early Roman Empire, Nazi Germany

Divine Right God given Right to rule Ancient Egypt, Islamic Nations of Middle East, Greece (mythology Early Greece)

Social Contract The belief that a state should be run by the people for the good of the people Started in 1600’s, continues today Most Democratic Nations United States is basically under a social contract

Purpose of Government Maintain Order Provide Service (authorities and courts) Provide Service (public schools, libraries, social services Provide National Security (Militia-army, air force, navy, marines) Make Economic Decisions (Treasury and Government spending)

Supporters of the Social Contract Thomas Hobbes –mid 1600’s (English) first to publish the social contract theory (rights of individuals as citizens) John Locke -late 1600’s (English) Took the social contract theory to a higher level by forcing King James ll out of the throne because he had become to powerful.