Imperialism

Imperialism and Colonialism Imperialism- the domination of European powers (or any power) over subject lands in the larger world Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Portugal United States Japan Colonialism- Political, social, economic, and cultural structures that enable imperial powers to dominate subject lands Control domestic and foreign policies Integrate local economies into network of global capitalism Introduce European business techniques Transform educational systems according to European standards Promote European cultural preferences

Motives Imperial expansion seen as crucial to the survival of European states and societies- EXPAND OR DIE! Economic Theories Industrialization Need for raw materials, labor (pay off leaders to help exploit labor), new consumer markets, settlement Greed Land + Resources Diplomatic Theories Power politics (competition between European nations) National prestige Strategic military and commercial locations Diffuse social tension, inspire patriotism Psychological Theories White supremacy/racism Social Darwinism- strongest survive and rule Cultural Theories Missions to convert and civilize “Duty” to bring Christianity, political order, social stability, and enlightenment

Role of Technology Transportation/Communication Military Steamships and Railroads enable domination, administration, communication, and commercialization Canals facilitate the building and maintenance of empires Panama + Suez Telegraph offers distinct imperial advantage for communication over land and sea Military Rifled machine gun Maxim gun- fires 11 bullets per second Ensure European dominance over subject lands and their people

European Imperialism British Imperial Rule- India Company Rule- company (East India Company) conquers autonomous kingdoms “Doctrine of Lapse”- failure to produce a male heir results in territories lapsing to the company Enforced by small British army and sepoys (Indian troops) Central and Southeast Asia- Britain and Russia French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) Direct Rule Assimilation- Indoctrinate subject peoples with all aspects of French life i.e. education, behavior, language, Christianity Pacific Settler Colonies in Australia Violence and disease decimate aboriginal populations Convicts

U.S. and Japanese Imperialism United States Monroe Doctrine Spanish-American War Philippines Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Japan Korea Sino-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War

Scramble for Africa Motives- economic, diplomatic, psychological, cultural Information compiled by explorers of interior regions Colonies established- Congo Free State, Egypt Settlers in South Africa Dutch Afrikaners/Boers Believed God had predestined them to claim the people and the resources of the Cape Encroachment on African lands- hostility, warfare, enslavement, smallpox epidemics Boer War (1899-1902) Berlin West Africa Conference 1884-1885 12 European states + U.S. and Ottoman Empire- no African representation Agreement for future claims on Africa Notify others of its claim Effective occupation Objectives: end slave trade, civilization and Christianity, commerce/trade

Scramble for Africa Systems of Colonial Rule Early approach- Concessionary Companies Direct Rule (French) European personnel collect taxes, recruit labor and military, maintain law and order Colonial boundaries cut across African political and ethnic borders Assimilation Indirect Rule (British) Use traditional African local rulers to pass directives by British government Highest governors and administrators were white Decentralization and continuity of authority Cheap, practical, and safe- “Democratic rule” Belgians and Portuguese raid and use colonies for wealth- administration not emphasized

Scramble for Africa African Responses Resistors- those who put up a fight against the white intrusion Afrocentric view Freedom fighters, African nationalists, Inspiring Eurocentric view Reactionaries- wasting time, lost power and influence Collaborators- those who cooperated with their new leaders Could fight later when it was necessary Weak, sellouts OR used solid judgement, wait for right opportunity Progressive realists, gained power and influence