34 The Endocrine System

Language for Health Care Medical Terminology Language for Health Care 3rd Edition Chapter 8

Learning Outcomes 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders.

Objectives Part 2 Objectives cont'd 15.5 List and define the major pathological conditions of the endocrine system 15.6 Define surgical terms related to the endocrine system 15.7 Recognize common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the endocrine system

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Disease/Disorder Description Acromegaly Enlargement of bones and thickened skin Causes: Too much growth hormone produced in adults; tumor of pituitary Addison’s disease Adrenal gland fails to produce enough corticosteroids Cause is unknown – possibly an autoimmune dysfunction; cancer Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. Refer to TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Cushing’s disease Moon face, buffalo hump, thin arms and legs; large abdomen Hypercortisolism Causes: excessive production of ACTH; tumor of the adrenal gland or pituitary gland; long term use of steroids Diabetes insipidus Kidneys fail to reabsorb water, resulting in excessive urination Cause: hyposecretion of ADH Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. Refer to TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Diabetes mellitus Type I Type II Gestational Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; usually develops in childhood Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; primarily in adults but increased incidence in teens Occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders.   Diabetes mellitus – caused by the production of too little or no insulin by the pancreas. Other causes include body cells having too few insulin receptors, obesity, high blood pressure, pregnancy, and high cholesterol levels in the blood. Refer to CONNECT to see animations about Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Refer to TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Dwarfism Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or palate, delayed puberty Causes: Too little growth hormone produced during childhood; trauma to or tumor of the pituitary gland Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Gigantism Very tall, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial bones Causes: Too much growth hormone produced during childhood; pituitary gland tumor Goiter Enlargement of thyroid gland, causing swelling in neck Cause: deficiency of iodine in diet Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. Goiter Iodine is needed for the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones. Refer to TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Graves’ disease Hyperthyroidism Exophthalmos; goiter Causes: antibodies attack the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone; autoimmune disorder Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. Refer to CONNECT to see an animation about Hyperthyroidism Refer to TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Cretinism Severe hypothyroidism present prior to or soon after birth Causes: absence or malformation of thyroid gland; abnormal formation of thyroid hormones; pituitary failure Myxedema Severe form of hypothyroidism Causes: removal of thyroid gland; radiation treatments to neck; obesity; may be congenital Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. Cretinism – stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation Myxedema – a severe type of hypothyroidism that is most common in females over age 50. Refer to TABLE 34-2 Endocrine System Diseases/Conditions: Quick Reference Guide.

Pituitary Abnormalities Pathological Terms Pituitary Abnormalities Most endocrine conditions are the result of hypersecretion or hyposecretion of one or more hormones. acromegaly dwarfism Pituitary Abnormalities Hypersecretion of the growth hormone which may result in gigantism Hyposecretion of the growth hormone which causes stunted growth diabetes insipidus syndrome of inappropriate ADH Hyposecretion of the antidiuretic (ADH) hormone which causes polyuria and polydipsia Hypersecretion of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which causes excessive water to be retained

Thyroid Conditions Pathological Terms Thyroid Conditions Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Also known as Graves’ disease or thyrotoxicosis Overactive thyroid secretions may cause exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes) A goiter may also form due to oversecretion of thyroid gland Underactive thyroid secretion Signs include slow pulse, sluggishness, and often obesity Types of hypothyroidism include: -myxedema -congenital hypothyroidism Both can be treated with synthetic hormones

Parathyroid Conditions Pathological Terms Parathyroid Conditions Parathyroid Conditions The parathyroid glands help control calcium levels which contribute to bone growth and muscular health. Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Over activity of the parathyroid glands Usually caused by a tumor Symptoms may include the following: -bone loss -kidney failure Under activity of the parathyroid glands causing low blood calcium levels Common symptoms include the following: -bone loss -tetany (muscle paralysis)

Adrenal Conditions Pathological Terms Adrenal Conditions Hyperadrenalism Hypoadrenalism Overactive adrenal gland secretion May be caused by a tumor Adrenogenital syndrome results in symptoms of excessive androgens affecting both men and women Symptoms may include hirsuitism, and virilism Under secretion of the adrenal gland Also known as Addison’s disease Symptoms may include: - anemia - abnormal skin pigment - general malaise

Pancreatic Conditions Pathological Terms Pancreatic Conditions Pancreatic Conditions I’m so tired and hungry Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas Hypoglycemia Caused by hypersecretion of insulin Blood sugar levels below normal deprive the body cells of needed glucose Can be controlled with dietary changes

Diabetes Mellitus Pathological Terms Diabetes Mellitus Type I Type II Can be due to hyposecretion of insulin Affects about 4% of the U. S. population Type I Type II Insulin-dependent diabetes Occurs in childhood Results from underproduction of insulin Controlled with doses of insulin Noninsulin-dependent diabetes Usually results in overweight people Several physical complications such as: -infection -diabetic nephropathy -diabetic neuropathy -diabetic retinopathy Controlled with exercise and diet

Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Correct! True or False: ___ Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a child. ___ In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water. ___ Too little growth hormone in childhood results in dwarfism. ___ Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism. ___ Addison’s disease is the result of too little corticosteroid. ___ Cushing’s disease is the result of too little ACTH. ___ Cretinism is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism present at birth. ANSWER: F in an adult T T F Learning Outcome: 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. hypothyroidism T too much ACTH F F hypothyroidism

Surgical Terms Surgical Terms Certain endocrine glands that become diseased can be removed Common Procedures adenectomy adrenalectomy hypophysectomy pancreatectomy parathyroidectomy thymectomy thyroidectomy

Hormone Replacement Therapy Pharmacological Terms Hormone Replacement Therapy Hormone Replacement Therapy Used to treat hormonal deficiencies Examples include synthetic -thyroid -estrogen -testosterone insulin Antihypoglycemic Antihyperglycemic Prevents or relieves severe hypoglycemia Example -dextrose Lowers the blood sugar Example -insulin

Pharmacological Terms Radioactive Iodine Radioactive iodine Used to treat thyroid tumors Human growth hormone Increases height in cases of abnormal lack of growth Example -somatotropin Steroid Increases growth Example -prednisone

Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge 3. 1. Hypothalamus 4. Pituitary gland Identify the following labeled endocrine organs 2. 5. 6. 7. pineal gland parathyroid gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thymus adrenal gland pancreas ovary 8.

Apply Your Knowledge Part 2 Which of the following endocrine glands is located in the sella turcica? A. Pineal B. Pituitary C. Adrenal Answer: B. Pituitary

Apply Your Knowledge Part 3 A lack of which of the following nutrients in the bloodstream will adversely affect the body’s metabolism? A. carbohydrates B. sodium C. iodine Answer: C. iodine

Apply Your Knowledge Part 4 Carrie, age 5 has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which type of diabetes would she more than likely have? A. insulin-dependent B. noninsulin-dependent C. Type II Answer: A. insulin-dependent

In Summary 34.4 The diseases and disorders of the endocrine system are as varied as the organs and hormone dysfunctions that cause them. An overview of these conditions is found in Table 34-2.

Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it. End of Chapter 34 Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it. ~ Hans Selye