DNA and Heredity Why do children “look” like their biological parents? Why is a skin cell different from a liver cell? How can scientists make an entire sheep from just one cell? Can scientists “grow” replacement organs for each person? What are “Ethics”

DNA Name: Deoxiribonucleic Acid Discovery: 1953 Watson and Crick Structure: double helix Location: Nucleus Function: Contain Genetic Material

DNA Chargaff’s Rule: A=T C=G Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Universal “Language” * Languages and Intelligence * Evidence for both creationist and evolutionists DNA expressed as Proteins (Traits)

Nucleotide (monomer): Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogen Base (A,T,C,G)

Central Dogma of Genetics 1. 2. 3. DNA RNA Protein _Replication_: Copying DNA to make 2 identical DNA before cell Divides _Transcription__: Using DNA template to form single stranded RNA that leaves the nucleus and transports the information to the ribosomes _Translation____: Use the RNA message to produce specific protein at the ribosomes Video

Replication DNA helix unwinds and splits New nitrogen bases (NBs) line up with the complimentary base (A with T, C with G) of two exposed strands Two identical DNA molecules produced (each with one “old” and one “new” strand = semi-conserved) Stages of Mitosis (Internet Notes Sheet) IPMAT Division of the NUCLEUS not the CELL (Cytokinesis) Lab Identification of Slides http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

Replication

Transcription Remains in Same language (Nucleic Acids) Uracil Replaces Thymine (Uracil still H-bonds with Adenine) Process : Unwinding of Double helix (break H-bonds) RNA nitrogen bases line up complimentary strand Add NB along the gene mRNA detaches DNA “zips” back up http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

Transcription RNA RNA polymerase DNA

DNA vs. RNA Nitrogen Bases A,T,C,G T replaced with U # Strands 2 1 Location Nucleus Leaves Nucleus to ribosome Production Replication Transcription Stability Very Unstable (otherwise continuous production of protein)

Transcription

Practice Is the code below DNA, RNA, or a Protein? Replicate the following sequence: AGC TAC TAT AGC CAC ACT 3. Transcribe the above sequence

Translation Translation = New language (change to Amino Acids) Occurs at Ribosomes mRNA (contains the code (recipe) to make the protein tRNA (Breaks the code and transports correct A.A. Codon (group of 3 Nitrogen Bases on mRNA that codes for 1 A.A. Anti- codon (group of 3 NBs on tRNA) Determining amino acid sequence http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

Translation