MAKROEKONOMIJA OTVORENE PRIVREDE

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MAKROEKONOMIJA OTVORENE PRIVREDE 11 MAKROEKONOMIJA OTVORENE PRIVREDE

MAKROEKONOMIJA OTVORENE PRIVREDE – OSNOVNI KONCEPTI 31 MAKROEKONOMIJA OTVORENE PRIVREDE – OSNOVNI KONCEPTI

MAKROEKONOMIJA OTVORENE PRIVREDE – OSNOVNI KONCEPTI OTVORENA I ZATVORENA PRIVREDA Zatvorena privreda je ona koja nema razvijene ekonomske odnose sa drugim zemljama Nema izvoza uvoza niti kapitalnih transakcija Otvorena privreda je ona koja slobodno razmenjuje sa svim drugim zemljama sveta

Koliko je otvorena Srbija – kako se meri otvorenost

STVARANJE STRUKTURE

Robni tokovi: izvoz,uvoz, neto izvoz Izvoz (X) čini robA i usluge koje se proizvode u zemlji i prodaju u inostranstvu Uvoz (Z) čini robA i usluge koje se proizvode u inostranstvu i prodaju u zemlji

Srbija

Robni tokovi: izvoz,uvoz, neto izvoz Neto izvoz (NX) je vrednost izvoza minus vrednost uvoza Neto izvoz još nazivamo TRGOVINSKI ILI SPOLJNOTRGOVINSKI BILANS

Robni tokovi: izvoz,uvoz, neto izvoz Trgovinski deficit je situacija u kojoj je neto izvoz (NX) negativan. Uvoz > Izvoz Trgovinski višak – suficit je situacija u kojoj je neto izvoz (NX) pozitivan. Uvoz < Izvoz Uravnotežena razmena nastaje kada je neto izvoz (NX) jednak nuli, dakle kada je robna razmena uravnotežena i izvoz jednak uvozu.

Faktori koji utiču na neto izvoz Robni tokovi: izvoz,uvoz, neto izvoz Robni tokovi: izvoz,uvoz, neto izvoz Faktori koji utiču na neto izvoz Ukusi potrošača (ruske cipele!) Domaće i inostrane cene Devizni kursevi

Robni tokovi: izvoz,uvoz, neto izvoz Faktori koji utiču na neto izvoz Dohoci potrošača u zemlji i inostranstvu Transportni troškovi Spoljnotrgovinske politike – carine, kvote itd

Slika 1 The Internationalization of the U.S. Economy Percent of GDP 15 Imports 10 Exports 5 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

NETO ODLIV KAPITALA Neto odliv kapitala je kupovina inostrane aktive od strane domaćih rezidenata minus kupovina domaće aktive od strane stranaca Rezident Srbije kupuje akcije Tojote, a Rumun kupuje akcije Apatinske pivare Amerikanac kupupje akcije Tojote a Meksikanac akcije Ford Motor corporation.

NETO ODLIV KAPITALA Kada Srbin kupuje akcije Forda, Američke kompanije, to povećava neto odliv kapitala iz Srbije Kada Japanac kupuje obveznice srpske vlade, to smanjuje neto odliv kapitala iz Srbije

NETO ODLIV KAPITALA : Neto odliv kapitala Varijable koje utiču na neto odliv kapitala Realna kamatna stopa na inostranu aktivu. Realna kamatna stopa na domaću aktivu Ekonomski i politički rizici držanja aktive u inostranstvu. Državne politike koje definišu strano vlasništvo nad domaćom aktivom TO JE MIKROEKONOMIJA -

http://www. doingbusiness. org/ExploreEconomies/Default. aspx http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/Default.aspx?economyid=206 Serbia Region: Europe & Central Asia Income category: Lower middle income Population: 9,993,904 GNI per capita (US$): 3,280.00 Country laws: see our Law Library Ease of... 2006 rank 2005 rank Change in rank Doing Business 68 95 +27 Starting a Business 60 43 -17 Dealing with Licenses 157 158 +1 Employing Workers 73 43 -30 Registering Property 110 104 -6 Getting Credit 33 96 +63 Protecting Investors 60 58 -2 Paying Taxes 64 65 +1 Trading Across Borders 51 142 +91 Enforcing Contracts 76 74 -2 Closing a Business 103 100 -3 Note: 2005 rankings have been recalculated to reflect changes to the 2006 methodology and the addition of 20 new countries.

JEDNAKOST NETO IZVOZA I NETO ODLIVA KAPITALA Neto izvoz (NX) i neto odliv kapitala (NCO) veoma su blisko povezani Za privredu u celinu oni moraju biti isti tako da je: NCO = NX Ovo važi jer svaka transakcija koja utiče na jednu stranu mora da utiče i na drugu u istom iznosu

Štednja, investicije i njihov odnos sa međunarodnim tokovima Neto izvoz je komponenta GDP: Y = C + I + G + NX Nacionalna štednja je dohodak koji preostane nakon što se obavi tekuća privatna potrošnja i tekuća javna potrošnja: Y - C - G = I + NX

Štednja, investicije i njihov odnos sa međunarodnim tokovima Nacionalna štednja (S) jednaka je Y - C - G te: S = I + NX ili Štednja Domaće investicije Neto odliv kapitala = + S I NCO = +

Slika 2 National Saving, Domestic Investment, and Net Foreign Investment (a) National Saving and Domestic Investment (as a percentage of GDP) Percent of GDP 20 Domestic investment 18 16 14 National saving 12 10 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

3 2 1 –1 –2 –3 –4 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

REALNI I NOMINALNI DEVIZNI KURS Dve najznačajnije inostrane cene su nominalni i realni devizni kurs.

Nominalni devizni kurs Nominalni devizni kurs izražavamo na dva načina: Količina domaće valute po jedinici strane. Količina strane valute po jedinici domaće. –

Nominalni devizni kurs Ako je kurs evra 80 To je 80 dinara za evro . To je 1/80 (0.0125) evra za dinar 1.25 evrocenti za dinar

Nominalni devizni kurs Apresijacija je rast vrednosti domaće valute merene količinom strane valute koja se za nju može kupiti. Depresijacija je pad vrednosti domaće valute merene količinom strane valute koja se za nju može kupiti.

Nominalni devizni kurs Ako se za dinar može kupiti više strane valute došlo je do apresijacije dinara. dok je kurs dinara bio 87, za 1 dinar se moglo kupiti 1.15 evrocenti. Sada je kurs dinar 80, te se za dinar kupuje 1.25 evrocenti Ako se može kupiti manje, došlo je do depresijacije dinara. Ovo je intuitivno jasno – dinar depresira, manje vredi, pa se za njega može kupiti manje deviza

Realni devizni kurs Realni devizni kurs je odnos (rate, ratio) NIJE RACIO prema kome osoba može razmenjivati dobra i usluge jedne zemlje za dobra i usluge iz druge zemlje.

Realni devizni kurs Realni devizni kurs služi za poređenje cena domaćih i stranih dobara u domaćoj privredi. Iako je karton nemačkog piva duplo skuplji od kartona američkog priva, onda je realni devizni kurs 1/2 kartona nemačkog piva za karton američkog piva.

Realni devizni kurs Realni devizni kurs zavisi od nominalnog kursa i domaćih i inostranih cena

Realni devizni kurs Realni devizni kurs JE KLJUČNA DETERMINANTA IZVOZA I UVOZA R. KURS=N. KURS*DOM/INOS. CENE

Realni devizni kurs Depresijacija realnog deviznog kursa znači da su srpska dobra postala jeftinija u odnosu na robu u inostransvu Ovo podstiče potrošače, kako u zemlji, tako i u inostranstvu da kupuju srpsku robu (uključujući US Steel – ov čelik), a da manje robe kupuju iz inostranstva

Realni devizni kurs Kao rezultat, srpski izvoz raste a uvoz pada, što sa obe strane deluje na promenu neto izvoza – na pad deficita ili na rast suficita Obratno, apresijacija dinara vodi padu neto izvoza Srbije

Prva teorija određivanja deviznog kursa: Paritet kupovne moći – PPP - PURCHASING-POWER PARITY PPP purchasing-power parity je najjednostavniji i najšire prihvaćeni koncept koji objašnjava devizni kurs jedne valute

Osnovna logika pariteta kupovne moći Teorija pariteta kupovne moći je teorija prema kojoj bi trebalo da se sa jedinicom jedne valute u svim zemljama sveta može kupiti ista količina robe

Logika PPP koncepta Prema PPP teoriji, jedna te ista roba u svim zemljama mora isto da košta Delete this slide – it duplicates the prior slide???

Logika PPP koncepta Teorija pariteta kupovne moći bazira se na principu koji se zove zakon jedne cene Prema zakonu jedne cene, jedna roba mora se prodavati po istoj ceni na svim lokacijama Primer – ulje u Srbiji i Mađarskoj, 1999.

Logika PPP koncepta Ako bi zakon jedne cene prestao da važi, javila bi se neiskorišćena profitna margina Proces iskorišćenja razlike u ceni na različitim trišćtima naziva se ARBITRAŽOM

Logika PPP koncepta Ako dođe do arbitraže, cene na dva tržišta će obavezno konvergirati Prema teoriji pariteta kupovne moći, valuta mora imati istu kupovnu moć u svim zemljama, što se realizuje kroz devizni kurs

Implikacije PPP Ako je kupovna moć dolara uvek ista, onda se devizni kurs ne može menjati Nominalni kurs odražava različiti nivo cena -PAZI, NE INFLACIJU NEGO NIVO CENA- u dve zemlje

Implikacije PPP Ako CB naštampa veliku količinu novca, novac će izgubiti vrednost kako u odnosu na domaću robu tako i u odnosu na druge valute

Slika 3 Money, Prices, and the nominalni devizni kurs During the German Hyperinflation Indeksis (Jan. 1921 5 100) 1,000,000,000,000,000 Money supply 10,000,000,000 Price level 100,000 1 Exchange rate .00001 .0000000001 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Copyright © 2004 South-Western

Ograničanja PPP teorije Mnoga dobra ne mogu se lako transportovati niti se njima može trgovati (pijaća voda, šišanje, spremanje stana) Kada se proizvode u različitim zemljama, razmenljiva dobra nisu uvek savršeni supstituti

KRITIKA BIG MAC-A  Big Mac je - hamburger, ali je i popularni indeks za merenje valutne precenjenosti. Danas se mnogi, pa čak i njegovi tvorci ograđuju od njega...

TEORIJSKI OKVIR MAKROEKONOMIJE OTVORENE PRIVREDE 32 TEORIJSKI OKVIR MAKROEKONOMIJE OTVORENE PRIVREDE

OTVORENA PRIVREDA JE ONA KOJA SLOBODNO RAZMENJUJE SA SVIM DRUGIM PRIVREDAMA

KLJUČNE MAKROEKONOMSKE VARIJABLE U OTVORENOJ PRIVREDI Važne makroekonomske varijable u otvorenoj privredi uključuju: Neto izvoz Neto inostrane investicije Nominalni devizni kurs Realni devizni kurs

Osnovne pretpostavke makroekonomskog modela otvorene privrede BDP je data veličina Cene su date

Ponuda i tražnja raspoloživih viškova tržište deviza Tržište raspoloživih viškova (zajmovnih sredstava – loanable funds) S = I + NCO – neto odliv kapitala Pri ravnotežnoj kamatnoj stopi količina koju ljudi žele da štede jednaka je zbiru željenih investicija i neto odliva kapitala

Tržište raspoloživih viškova Ponuda raspoloživih viškova dolazi iz nacionalne štednje (S). Tražnja potiče od domaćih investicija i (I) i neto odliva kapitala (NCO).

Tržište raspoloživih viškova Ponuda i tražnja za raspoloživim viškovima zavisi od realne kamatne stope. Veća realna kamatna stopa podstiče ljude da štede i povećava količinu ponuđenih zajmovnih sredstava. Kamatna stopa se menja tako da izjednači ponudu i tražnju na tržištu zajmovnih sredstava

Slika 1 Tržište raspoloživih viškova realna kamatna stopa ponuda (iz štednje) Tražnja za raspoloživim viškovima Iz investicija i NCO Ravnotežna količina realnana kamatna stopa Količina raspoloživih viškova Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

Tržište zajmovnih sredstava Pri ravnotežnoj kamatnoj stopi količina koju ljudi žele da štede biće jednaka količini investicija i neto odlivu kapitala Last line: “net capital outflow”

Devizno tržište Dve strane deviznog tržišta čine NCO i NX. NCO – neto odliv kapitala predstavlja neravnotežu između kupovine i prodaje aktive NX predstavlja neravnotežu između izvoza i uvoza robe i usluga

Devizno tržište Dinari se na deviznom tržištu razmenjuju za inostranu valutu. Za privredu u celini NCO i NX moraju biti isti, odnosno: NCO = NX

Devizno tržište Cena koja dovodi u ravnotežu ponudu i tražnju deviza zove se realni devizni kurs.

Devizno tržište Kriva tražnje za devizama je nagnuta nadole a što devizni kurs bude viši domaća roba biće skuplja. Kriva ponude je vertikalna jer količina dolara koja stoji na raspolaganju za neto odliv kapitala ne zavisi od realnog deviznog kursa.

Slika 2 Devizno tržište realni devizni kurs Ponuda deviza (iz NCO) Tražnja za dolarima (za neto izvoz) Ravnotežna količina Ravnotežni realni devizni kurs količina dolara koja se konvertuje u stranu valutu Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

Devizno tržište Realni devizni kurs se prilagođava da uravnoteži ponudu i tražnju za dinarima. U tački ravnoteže tražnja za dinarima koji su potrebni za neto izvoz potpuno se izjednačava sa ponudom dolara koji će biti upotrebljeni za kupovinu aktive u inostranstvu.

RAVNOTEŽA U OTVORENOJ PRIVREDI Na tržištu raspoloživih viškova ponuda se stvara iz nacionalne štednje a tražnja od domaćih investicija i NCO Na deviznom tržištu, ponuda je iz NCO a tražnja potiče od neto izvoza

RAVNOTEŽA U OTVORENOJ PRIVREDI Neto odliv kapitala povezuje tržište zajmovnih sredstava i devizno tržište. Ključna determinanta NCP je realna kamatna stopa.

Slika 3 Kako neto odliv kapitala kapitala zavisi od kamatne stope realna kamatna stopa neto odliv kapitala kapitala je negativan. neto odliv kapitala kapitala je pozitivan. neto odliv kapitala kapitala Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

RAVNOTEŽA U OTVORENOJ PRIVREDI Cene na tržištu zajmovnih sredstava i na deviznom tržištu simultano se menjaju da bi oba tržišta sinhronizovano delovala Dok se to dešava, bivaju determinisane makroekonomske varijable kao što su nacionalna štednja, domaće investicije, neto inostrane investicije i neto izvoz. Second bullet: next to last line: net capital outflow

Slika 4 Ravnoteža u otvorenoj privredi (a) Tržište raspoloživih viškova (b) neto odliv kapitala kapitala realna realna kamatna kamatna neto odliv kapitala outflow, NCO ponuda stopa stopa tražnja r količina neto odliv kapitala kapitala rapoloživih viškova Realni devizni ponuda kurs tražnja E količina dolara (c) DEviyno tražite Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

KAKO EKONOMSKA POLITIKA DELUJE NA MAKROEKONOMSKU RAVNOTEŽU Najvažnije makroekonomske varijable zavise od : Budžetskog deficita Spoljnotrgovinskih politika Političke i ekonomske stabilnosti

U otvorenoj privredi budžetski deficit . . . Smanjuje ponudu zajmovnih sredstava, Podiže kamatnu stopu, Istiskuje domaće investicije, Izaziva pad neto inostranih investicija. Last bullet: net capital outflow

Slika 5 Efekti budžetskog deficita 1. Budžetski deficit smanjuje ponudu raspoloživih viškova . . . (a) Tržište raspoloživih viškova (b) neto odliv kapitala kapitala realna realna kamatna S S kamatna stopa stopa r2 B r2 E1 r A 2. . . . štoo ipovećava realnu Kamatnu stopu 3. . . . Što smanjuje neto odliv kapitala tražnja NCO količina neto odliv kapitala rapoloživih viškova Realna Devizni kurs S S topa 4. Smanjenje neto odliva kapitala manjuje Ponudu dolara E2 5. . . . izaziva Apresijaciju kursa . tražnja količina dolara (c) devizno tržište Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

Uticaj budžetskog deficita na tržište zajmovnih sredstava Budžetski deficit smanjuje nacionalnu štednju što . . . Pomera krivu ponude ulevo, što . . . Podiže kamatnu stpu

Efekat budžetskog deficita na neto inostrane investicije Budžetski deficit Efekat budžetskog deficita na neto inostrane investicije Više kamatne stope umanjuju neto inostrane investicije Bullet one: net capital outflow Bullet two: net capital outflow

Efekat na devizno tržište Budžetski deficit Efekat na devizno tržište Smanjenje neto inostranih investicija smanjuje ponudu dolara koja se može konvertovati u stranu valutu. To izaziva apresijaciju realnog deviznog kursa. Bullet two: net capital outflow

Spoljontrgovinska politika Spoljnotrgovinska politika je politika vlade da direktno utiče na količinu izvoza i uvoza koji će zemlja obaviti u određenom periodu.. Carina: to je porez na uvezenu robu. Uvozna kvota: To je dozvoljeni limit na količinu uvoza

Spoljnotrgovinska politika Pošto ne menjanju nacionalnu štednju niti domaće investicije, trgovinske politike ne mogu da izmene trgovinski bilans. Za dati nivo nacionalne štednje i domaćih investicija, realni devizni kurs će se prilagoditi tako da trgovinski bilans ostane isti. Imaju veći uticaj na mikroekonomska kretanja nego u makroekonomiji.

Spoljnotrgovinska politika Uticaj kvote Pošto su strancima potrebni dinari da bi kupili srpsku izvoznu robu, raste tražnja za dinarima To izaziva apresijaciju realnog deviznog kursa.

Spoljnotrgovinska politika Uticaj kvote Kamatna stopa se ne menja jer se ništa ne dešava na tržištu zajmovnih sredstava. Nema izmene neto izvoza. Nema promene u neto inostranim investicijama čak i ako kvota smanji uvoz. Last bullet: net capital outflow

Spoljnotrgovinska politika Uticaj kvote Apresijacija povećava uvoz i smanjuje izvoz. To neutrališe inicijalni rast neto izvoza koji nastaje usled uvođenja uvozne kvote.

Slika 6 Efekti uvoznih restrikcija (a) Tržište raspoloživih viškova (b) neto odliv kapitala kapitala realna realna kamatna ponuda kamatna stopa stopa r r 3. Neto izvoz Se ne menja . tražnja NCO količina neto odliv kapitala rapoloživih viškova Outflow Realni kurs ponuda D 1. Raste tražnja ya dolarima . . E2 2. . . . Kurs apresira . E D količina dolara (c) devizno tržište Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

Spoljnotrgovinska politika Trgovinske politike neće uticati na trgovinski bilans

Politička nestabilnost i beg kapitala Beg kapitala je obimno i naglo smanjenje tražnje za aktivom lociranom u zemlji

Politička nestabilnost i beg kapitala Ima najveće posledice na zemlju iz koje kapital beži, ali deluje i na druge zemlje. Ako se investitori zabrinu za sigurnost svoje imovine, kapital vrlo brzo može da napusti zemlju. Kamatne stope rastu a domaća valuta depresira – samoispunjavajuće proročanstvo.

Politička nestabilnost i beg kapitala Kada su svetski investitori 1994. videli da Meksiko ima probleme, prodali su svoju imovinu koju su držali u Meksiku i upotrebili je da kupe aktivu u drugim zemljama.

Politička nestabilnost i beg kapitala To je povećalo NCO. Tražnja za zajmonim sredstvima je porasla, što je dovelo do rasta kamatne stope. To je povećalo ponudu pezosa na deviznom tržištu.

Slika 7 Beg kapitala (a) Tržište raspoloživih viškovau Meksiku (b) Mexican neto odliv kapitala kapitala realna realna 1. Rast neto odliva kapitala kamatna ponuda kamatna NCO2 stopa D2 stopa r2 3. . . . što Povećava Kamatnu sotpu r1 r1 2. . . . Raste tražnja za Raspoloživim viškovima D1 NCO1 količina neto odliv kapitala rapoloživih viškova realna Exchange S S2 stopa 4. istovremeno Raste ponuda pezosa E 5. . . . Te domaćća Valuta depresira . E tražnja količina Pesos (c) devizno tržište Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

Zašto možda dohodak neće rasti? Centralna banka smanjuje ponudu novca Depresijacija poskupljuje uvoznu robu i diže nivo domaćih cena, to smanjuje količinu realnog novca M/P Potrošači mogu smanjiti potrošnju (nakit, odeća). Sve navedeno pomera LM* ulevo. The result that income rises when the risk premium rises seems counter-intuitive and inaccurate. This slide explains why the increase in the risk premium may cause other things to occur that prevent income from rising, and may even cause income to fall.

CASE STUDY: Kriza pezosa Mexico’s central bank had maintained a fixed expromena odrate with the U.S. dollar at about 29 cents per peso.

CASE STUDY: In the week before Christmas 1994, the central bank abandoned the fixed expromena odrate, allowing the peso’s value to “float.” Then, in just one week, the peso lost nearly 40% of its value, and fell further during the following months.

Kriza pezosa nije pogodila samo Meksiko Američka dobra su postala skuplja Američke firme izgubile tržište Hiljade bankrotstva duž granice Meksička aktiva vredi manje u dolarima Uticala na smanjenje štednje miliona američkih penzionera The purpose of this slide is to motivate the topic. Even though this occurred in another country some years ago, it was very important for the U.S. The parents of many of your students probably held Mexican assets (indirectly through mutual funds in their 401k accounts and pension funds, which viewed Mexico very favorably prior to the crisis) and took losses when the crisis occurred.

Kako se odvijala kriza Ranih 90-ih Meksiko je bio veoma privlačan za investicije. 1994, političke prilike izazivaju rast premije na rizik ( ): Ustanak seljaka Ubistvo vodećeg predsedničkog kandidata Dodatni faktor: FED je podigla kamatnu stopu nekoliko puta da bi sprečila inflaciju u SAD (sledi, r* > 0) When the last line displays, it might be helpful to note that, from Mexico’s viewpoint, the U.S. interest rate is r*.

Razumevanje krize Ovi događaji vršili su pritisak na pezos da depresira CB Meksika je neprestano ponavljala da neće dozvoliti pad pezosa, tako da je prodavala dolare da bi mogla da povuče pezose i tako sačuva kurs To zahteva da zemlja ima dovoljno deviznih rezervi. Ima li? We have already seen why an increase in a country’s risk premium causes its expromena odrate to fall. One could also use the M-F model to show that an increase in r* also causes the expromena odrate to fall. The intuition is as follows: An increase in foreign interest rates causes capital outflows: investors shift some of their funds out of the country to take advantage of higher returns abroad. This capital outflow causes the expromena odrate to fall as it implies an increase in the supply of the country’s currency in the foreign expromena odmarket.

Dolarske rezerve CB Meksika December 1993 ……………… $28 billion August 17, 1994 ……………… $17 billion December 1, 1994 …………… $ 9 billion December 15, 1994 ………… $ 7 billion Defending the peso in the face of large capital outflows was draining the reserves of Mexico’s central bank. (August 17, 1994 was the date of the presidential election.) Ask your students if they can figure out why Mexico’s central bank didn’t tell anybody it was running out of reserves. The answer: If people had known that the reserves were dwindling, then they would also have known that the central bank would soon have to devalue or abandon the fixed expromena odrate altogether. They would have expected the peso to fall, which would have caused a further increase in Mexico’s risk premium, which would have put even more downward pressure on Mexico’s expromena odrate and made it even harder for the central bank to “defend the peso.” Source (not only for the data on this slide, but some of the other information in this case study): Washington Post National Weekly Edition, pp8‑9, Feb 20‑26 1995, various issues of The Economist in Jan & Feb '95. Tokom 1994, centralna banka Meksika je utajila činjenicu da rezerve naglo padaju

 katastrofa  Dec. 20: Meksiko devalvira pezos za 13% (fiksira e na 25 umesto na 29 centi za dolar) Investitori su šokirani ! ! ! …i uviđaju da mora da je CB istrošila rezerve… , investitori beže iz meksičke aktive i izvlače svoj kapital iz Meksika. Dec. 22: rezerve CB skoro na izmaku Napušta se fiksni režim i e pliva. Pri slabom, e pada za još 30%.

Pojas za spasavanje 1995: SAD i MMF otvaraju kreditnu liniju vladi Meksika u vrednosti od 50 milijardi $ To je povratilo poverenje i smanjilo premiju na rizik. Posle velike recesije tokom 1995, Meksiko je počeo sa snažnim oporavkom. The case study on pp.330-331 gives more detail on the peso crisis.

Gotovo za danas!

Serbia in Global Economic Crisis Danica Popović Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade Center for Liberal-democratic studies Serbia in Global Economic Crisis Workshop ‘The Regional Impact of the Global Economic Crisis: Looking into the Black Sea Economies’ (Thessaloniki, 4 December 2009)

Developing countries Developed countries BDP u svetu, % u odnosu na prethodnu godinu BDP u svetu, DP, % u odnosu na prethodnu godinu Developing countries Developed countries SAD V. BRITAN NEMACKA FRANCUSKA - -18% -7% -12% -15% -6% -26% -2% -14% 4% 19% 12% 13% -4% 8% 26% -3% 17% 10% 14% 3% 16% 6% 7% 5%

Great Depression and current Financial Crisis

3 measures Fiscal expansion Monetary relaxation No foreign trade restrictions /beggar thy neighbour policy

The data

Like in the previous three quarters, the decline in domestic demand was influenced the most by the major slowdown in loans to enterprises and households.

greater insolvency of companies has also curbed economic activity The number of companies whose accounts were blocked grew again in Q2 by around 6,000 and exceeded 66,000 at the end of July. Around 25,000 companies had on average been insolvent before the crisis escalated in Serbia. the increase in monetary expansiveness may lead to a reversal in the trend of the rise in the number of insolvent companies.

The state needs to borrow money for two reasons: to cover the budget deficit and to fund state projects . the borrowing would have to selectively target indisputably useful investment projects, such as road and energy infrastructure construction. government borrowing abroad is a measure limited both in terms of time and value and must be accompanied by constant monitoring of the level of public debt and rate of its repayment.

Unemployment Srbija 16-18%

Balance of payments In 2009 exceptionally low current account deficit improvement is primarily a consequence of a year-on-year fall in imports, which dropped by more than exports did over the same period, as well as high remittance inflows The IMF loan arrangement has resulted in a major increase in foreign currency reserves held by the National Bank of Serbia (by €880 mn in Q2), but has also substantially increased long-term foreign debt.

bop Improvements to the current and foreign trade accounts are, on the other hand, merely a reflection of issues raised by domestic recession; obviously, any recovery in production could again lead to a large deficit. the fact that raw materials and capital goods were the main components that recorded falls confirms the fact that Serbia’s economy is in recession.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FALLING

Remittances Average quarterly values of remittance income during the crisis stood at €660 mn (average of the three quarters mentioned above), as opposed to average quarterly values amounted to €400 mn. Even with the caveat that remittance data are not completely accurate, we can note that remittance inflows have risen during the crisis – or, rather, that they certainly have not fallen.

Serbia in war and embargo 1990-2001

Wages average growth 15% economic growth 5% 342€

Unit labor costs

Since these data are for 2008, it should be borne in mind that the period since the beginning of the crisis is characterized by further foreign borrowing in both Serbia and the region, as well as a simultaneous fall in GDP and exports. Since September (when the crisis began) Serbia’s debt grew by €1.2 bn, or 10.4 percentage points of GDP. This suggests that risks facing the Serbian economy in this respect are growing quickly.

IMF forecasts for Serbia (as of May 2009) very high values of both indebtedness indicators are expected over the coming several years. The share of foreign debt in GDP will stand at 76.3% by the end of 2009 and is to rise to 85.6% in 2010 peaking at 90.4% in 2011 and gradually declining afterwards. Similarly, the IMF’s forecasts for Serbia with respect to the other indicator, the ratio of foreign debt to exports of goods and services, are as follows – 282.2% in 2009; 302.8% in 2010; and 306.3% in 2011, after which a gradual decline is expected (see http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09158.pdf).

The outcome? cutting the fiscal deficit to 3.5% involves savings in current public spending of more than the 2% percentage points The overvalued dinar will prevent exports The greatest tensions lie in fiscal policy. In the short term, it is fiscal policy that should stimulate economic activity, but…

Monetary policy should assist But major reforms lie ahead Pension system Bancruptcy law Healt system reform Privatisation of public enterprises

Srbija je zatvorena

6.8% 3.2%

I moralna dilema Pola miliona ljudi radi u državnom sektoru Izvoznici čine su 1/5 GDP 4/5 GDP je “mirno” Niko ne ide u stečaj Posao se ne gubi zbog krize i dnevnih ekonomskih razloga Vredi li štrajkovati?

Zašto se ne spusti referentna kamatna stopa Zato što bi onda kurs skočio na mnogo viši nivo!!!! MMF- 3 mlrd upravo u te svrhe Rizik ostaje Prelazak na evro Ključ je u fiskalnoj politici

Ukidanje partijske svojine nad javnim preduzećima Pravosuđe – reforma Zero tolerance Zakoni (stečaj) Ukidanje partijske svojine nad javnim preduzećima

Serbia in Global Economic Crisis Danica Popović Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade Center for Liberal-democratic studies Serbia in Global Economic Crisis Workshop ‘The Regional Impact of the Global Economic Crisis: Looking into the Black Sea Economies’ (Thessaloniki, 4 December 2009)

Developing countries Developed countries BDP u svetu, % u odnosu na prethodnu godinu BDP u svetu, DP, % u odnosu na prethodnu godinu Developing countries Developed countries SAD V. BRITAN NEMACKA FRANCUSKA - -18% -7% -12% -15% -6% -26% -2% -14% 4% 19% 12% 13% -4% 8% 26% -3% 17% 10% 14% 3% 16% 6% 7% 5%

Great Depression and current Financial Crisis

3 measures Fiscal expansion Monetary relaxation No foreign trade restrictions /beggar thy neighbour policy

The data

Like in the previous three quarters, the decline in domestic demand was influenced the most by the major slowdown in loans to enterprises and households.

greater insolvency of companies has also curbed economic activity The number of companies whose accounts were blocked grew again in Q2 by around 6,000 and exceeded 66,000 at the end of July. Around 25,000 companies had on average been insolvent before the crisis escalated in Serbia. the increase in monetary expansiveness may lead to a reversal in the trend of the rise in the number of insolvent companies.

The state needs to borrow money for two reasons: to cover the budget deficit and to fund state projects . the borrowing would have to selectively target indisputably useful investment projects, such as road and energy infrastructure construction. government borrowing abroad is a measure limited both in terms of time and value and must be accompanied by constant monitoring of the level of public debt and rate of its repayment.

Unemployment Srbija 16-18%

Balance of payments In 2009 exceptionally low current account deficit improvement is primarily a consequence of a year-on-year fall in imports, which dropped by more than exports did over the same period, as well as high remittance inflows The IMF loan arrangement has resulted in a major increase in foreign currency reserves held by the National Bank of Serbia (by €880 mn in Q2), but has also substantially increased long-term foreign debt.

bop Improvements to the current and foreign trade accounts are, on the other hand, merely a reflection of issues raised by domestic recession; obviously, any recovery in production could again lead to a large deficit. the fact that raw materials and capital goods were the main components that recorded falls confirms the fact that Serbia’s economy is in recession.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FALLING

Remittances Average quarterly values of remittance income during the crisis stood at €660 mn (average of the three quarters mentioned above), as opposed to average quarterly values amounted to €400 mn. Even with the caveat that remittance data are not completely accurate, we can note that remittance inflows have risen during the crisis – or, rather, that they certainly have not fallen.

Serbia in war and embargo 1990-2001

Wages average growth 15% economic growth 5% 342€

Unit labor costs

Since these data are for 2008, it should be borne in mind that the period since the beginning of the crisis is characterized by further foreign borrowing in both Serbia and the region, as well as a simultaneous fall in GDP and exports. Since September (when the crisis began) Serbia’s debt grew by €1.2 bn, or 10.4 percentage points of GDP. This suggests that risks facing the Serbian economy in this respect are growing quickly.

IMF forecasts for Serbia (as of May 2009) very high values of both indebtedness indicators are expected over the coming several years. The share of foreign debt in GDP will stand at 76.3% by the end of 2009 and is to rise to 85.6% in 2010 peaking at 90.4% in 2011 and gradually declining afterwards. Similarly, the IMF’s forecasts for Serbia with respect to the other indicator, the ratio of foreign debt to exports of goods and services, are as follows – 282.2% in 2009; 302.8% in 2010; and 306.3% in 2011, after which a gradual decline is expected (see http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09158.pdf).

The outcome? cutting the fiscal deficit to 3.5% involves savings in current public spending of more than the 2% percentage points The overvalued dinar will prevent exports The greatest tensions lie in fiscal policy. In the short term, it is fiscal policy that should stimulate economic activity, but…

Monetary policy should assist But major reforms lie ahead Pension system Bancruptcy law Healt system reform Privatisation of public enterprises

Srbija je zatvorena

6.8% 3.2%

I moralna dilema Pola miliona ljudi radi u državnom sektoru Izvoznici čine su 1/5 GDP 4/5 GDP je “mirno” Niko ne ide u stečaj Posao se ne gubi zbog krize i dnevnih ekonomskih razloga Vredi li štrajkovati?

Zašto se ne spusti referentna kamatna stopa Zato što bi onda kurs skočio na mnogo viši nivo!!!! MMF- 3 mlrd upravo u te svrhe Rizik ostaje Prelazak na evro Ključ je u fiskalnoj politici

Ukidanje partijske svojine nad javnim preduzećima Pravosuđe – reforma Zero tolerance Zakoni (stečaj) Ukidanje partijske svojine nad javnim preduzećima