Quarter 2 Topics Cells Cell Transport Photosynthesis Respiration

Cells

Energy(ATP) production Control center Protein Synthesis Organelle Buzz Word Function Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosome Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Vacuole Lysosome Energy(ATP) production Control center Protein Synthesis Cell Transport /Diffusion/Osmosis Made of lipids Protection & structure/made of cellulose Uses Sun’s energy,creates sugars Storage Cell Digestion

Produces/transports protien Organelle Buzz Word Function Centrioles Nucleolus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum cell division In the nucleus, RNA Produces/transports protien Produces/transports lipids

Eukaryotic Centrioles All other small organelles vacuoles Plant Cell: Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Vacuole Takes up most of The space Animal Cell: No Cell Wall Eukaryotic Centrioles All other small organelles vacuoles

ANIMAL CELL Cytoskeleton

PLANT CELL

Researchers have discovered a toxin that stops cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed to this toxin cannot carry out many of their normal processes: Which of these cell organelles are most directly affected by this toxin? a. ribosomes b. chloroplasts c. mitochondria d. vacuoles

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the air occurs in the lungs. This exchange of gases takes place at the cellular level. What part of the cell is primarily responsible for this exchange? the cell membrane the nucleus the cell wall the ribosome

Which of these organelles in animal cells provide energy for cell activities? Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosomes nuclei

Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from using oxygen Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria cannot produce Lipids Sugar Minerals energy

Maryland white oak trees make their own food Maryland white oak trees make their own food. Their cells contain structures that capture energy from the sun. What are these structures? a. chloroplasts b. nuclei c. mitochondria d. ribosomes

In Eukaryotes, which of these organelles are used to make sugars? Flagella Ribosomes Mitochondria chloroplasts

Which structure in a cell is used to release energy in the cell? a. nucleus b. cell wall c. chloroplasts d. mitochondrion

5 Cell Transport

Transport particles & nutrients into and out of the cell Ion Pump: A protein in the cell membrane that pumps ions against the gradient Exocytosis: large particles leave the cell by means of a vesicle Active Transport - Requires energy- ATP -Typically goes against concentration gradient (from low to high) Passive Transport Endocytosis: large particles enter cell by means of a vesicle Transport particles & nutrients into and out of the cell Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration - Works with the concentration gradient ( high to low) - Does not require energy Osmosis: Movement of water across the cell membrane

1. Which of these is the process by which water moves across a selectively permeable membrane? Osmosis Transpiration capillary action active transport

2. If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours? Two hours later Iodine Water starch Iodine water Iodine water starch The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change Neither solution will turn blue-black Both solution will turn blue-black

3. Which of these processes is demonstrated by the experiment shown in the diagram? a. cellular respiration b. active transport c. endocytosis d. diffusion

In an experiment, a group of students placed ten raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of water. They covered the container and let the raisins sit overnight. The students removed the raisins from the container and observed that they were larger. They also observed that the volume of water in the container had decreased. 4. What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins to become larger? a. Water moved in due to osmosis b. Water moved out due to diffusion c. Water moved out due to active transport d. Water moved in due to active transport

5. What caused the water to enter the raisin? a. Higher water concentration in the raisin b. Water has to be pumped out c. Lower water concentration inside the raisin allowed water to come in. d. Water did not move, the raisin was at equilibrium

If a cell engulfs a bacterium in order to destroy it, what process takes place? Passive transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Osmosis

8 Photosynthesis

Oxygen is released as a waste product Used in cellular respiration water Takes place in leaves of plants And any organism with Chlorophyll… algae, some bacteria LIGHT Chlorophyll, a pigment in the chloroplast absorbs sunlight energy Carbon Dioxide Forms glucose Oxygen is released as a waste product Used in cellular respiration

Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen (CO2) + (H2O)  (C6H12O6) + (O2)

What happens with too much light? Rate of Photosynthesis (oxygen production) Light intensity  Light Intensity: The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases, until all the pigments reach saturation point, then it levels out What happens with too much light? Not much photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Rate of Photosynthesis (oxygen production) Amount of Carbon Dioxide  Carbon Dioxide Concentration: The rate of photosynthesis increases until all the pigments reach their saturation point then level off What happens if there is not a lot of carbon dioxide? Not much photosynthesis

What happens if too cool? Rate of Photosynthesis (oxygen production) Temperature  Temperature: The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at a certain temperature, too extreme and it decreases…Why? What happens if too cool? Destroyed the enzymes needed Not much photosynthesis

A scientist wants to study photosynthesis in a newly discovered species. Which of these cell structures should the scientist study: Vacuoles Chloroplasts Mitochondria ribosomes

During photosynthesis, trees convert carbon dioxide and other materials to: Lipids amino acids nucleic acids sugars

In a recent experiment, scientists studied the effects of increased carbon dioxide levels on the growth of pine trees. The scientists observed that increases levels of carbon dioxide resulted in a increase in the average circumference of the tree trunks. The change in circumference is a results of process of: Osmosis Adaptation Transpiration photosynthesis

Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. What energy source is used by Elodea? Heat Light Oxygen carbon dioxide

The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly? oxygen carbon dioxide Nitrogen water vapor

The energy required for photosynthesis is provided by: Proteins Sunlight Chlorophyll carbohydrates

Cellular Respiration

ATP used for cellular activites IN OUT IN ATP OUT

Overall Reaction Two types of Respiration: 1. Aerobic repiration Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water O2 CO2 H2O AND 36 ATP energy C6H12O6 Two types of Respiration: 1. Aerobic repiration 2. Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration Oxygen is required produces 36 ATP Occurs in all cells The most efficient type of respiration

Anaerobic Respiration NO oxygen required Produces 2ATP and alcohol or in animals produces lactic acid ( as in overworked muscles) *Occurs in mostly in bacteria that live in reduced oxygen ( ocean floor, soil, inside animals)

Count bubbles to correspond to respiration rate. Yeast solution

What can be tested? Water at different temps Different food sources for the yeast

How photosynthesis and Respiration are tied together

Respiration. vs. Chemosynthesis. vs. Photosynthesis. 9 Respiration. vs. Chemosynthesis. vs. Photosynthesis.

Process by which oxygen and glucose are used to create ATP (energy) Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Chemosynthesis What is it? Process by which sunlight and carbon dioxide are used to create glucose Process by which oxygen and glucose are used to create ATP (energy) Process by which organisms who live in harsh conditions create their own food from inorganic chemicals

Initial Energy Source Sun Glucose Inorganic Compounds

Carbon Dioxide & Light & Water Inputs (needs) Carbon Dioxide & Light & Water Oxygen & Glucose Inorganic Compounds

Outputs (wastes) Oxygen & Glucose Carbon Dioxide, Water, And energy ATP Energy, waste gas

Where does it occur? Chloroplasts Mitochondria Prokaryotes

Types of organisms Plants Plants & animals Bacteria

Autotrophs or Heterotrophs

Which of these best describes the process of chemosynthesis DNA molecules are formed Cell membranes are constructed Food is produced using energy from inorganic compounds Food is produced using energy from light

One of the organelles in a cell releases energy from sugars One of the organelles in a cell releases energy from sugars. What is this process called? Respiration Transpiration Photosynthesis chemosynthesis