China under Deng Xiaoping FOUR MODERNIZATIONS China under Deng Xiaoping

An overview of China’s political history

ZHOU ENLAI

Fourth National People’s Congress, January 1975 Introduction of the Four Modernizations by Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai (March 05, 1898 - January 08, 1976) First Premier of the People’s Republic of China Consolidated the control of CCP rise to power Helped formed China’s foreign policy (relations with the west) Developed the Chinese economy Conceptualized the Four Modernizations Deng Xiaoping’s mentor

DENG XIAOPING

“不管黑猫白猫,抓住耗子就是好猫” bù guǎn hēi māo bái māo néng zhuō zhe lǎo shǔ de jiù shì hǎo mǎo “It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, if it catches mice it is a good cat.”

Deng Xiaoping (August 22, 1904 - February 19, 1997) Western-educated (France) Chinese revolutionary and statesman Led his country through far-reaching market-economy reforms Encouraged Open Door Policy Established a relationship with the US Only 5”0’ ft tall.

THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY NATIONAL DEFENSE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

A G R I C U L T U R E

GOALS (of the government) To distance farmers from the “traditional ways of farming” and instead to become dependent on mechanized farming. To improve water supply and encourage use of chemical fertilizers To encouraging personal incentives and diversification, leading to quotas and the implementation of the Household Responsibility System. Housing Responsibility Program Farming households received a plot of land and could use it as they wanted. Farming households not only had control over the labor within their households and could distribute this labour however they wished, but could also keep or sell surplus, drastically improving their way of living. The Household Responsibility System was very successful. By 1989, 90% of households were involved in the system.

I N D U S T R Y

Industrial Responsibility System THE MAIN FOCUS Capital construction and improving heavy industries Attention was drawn to steel, iron, coal and oil production 55 billion Yen was initially invested by the government into 120 projects, but this plan proved to be too ambitious and was readjusted in the following years. Industrial Responsibility System the supervisory body of a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) would have a contract in which a percentage of the production and/or profit would go to the state and the SOE could keep the surplus, quality of production became a factor in the later stages The Reform of the Economic System Public ownership was still not allowed but the government did give more freedom to enterprises, and in doing so they hoped to increase production Private groups could also lease small enterprises by 84’, but larger ones remained under the control of the state.

N A T I O N A L D E F E N S E

IMPROVEMENTS: China had the largest army in the world… that lacked in military technology Nuclear research had come to an end Science and military modernisation had a direct link The centres of research that were being either built or improved made it possible to develop new weapons It was estimated that the government spend up to 10% on developing and buying new technology

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

ISSUES: DESIRED OUTCOME: The Cultural Revolution had devastating effects on education China was lacking even the basic technology that was standard in all other developed countries DESIRED OUTCOME: There was a need for more scientists, doctors, engineers and architects A number of goals were put forward The government wanted to be able to compete with the developing countries my repairing the damages caused by the Cultural Revolution By 1985 the government wanted to be only ten years behind the developing countries The goals included to increase the number of scientists, develop the centres used for experiments and to complete a nationwide system of science and technology research

POSITIVE NEGATIVE Peasants gained individual farms Farmers and peasants could profit from their word Food production increased by 50% Small businesses could operate China became more open to the West Wider gap manifested between the rich and poor classes The public believed some government officials were corrupt China’s capitalistic economy risked people openingly challenging the government est